OMF000004 Radio Frequency Part and Antenna ISSUE2.1

Radio Frequency
Part and Antenna

www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
RF components are widely used in wireless system,

and effect performance of network
Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Understand the structure and features of combination

unit
Master the key specifications of antenna
Be able to choose the suitable type of RF component
Page3
Contents
1.
RF Part in BTS
2.
Antenna
3.
Feeder and TTA
Page4
RF Device of BTS
Antenna
Antenna
stand
Jumper between
antenna and TTA
Jumper between
lightening arrester
and cabinet
TTA
Lightening
arrester
Jumper between
TTA and feeder
TDU
Feeder
SWITCH BOX
FAN BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
BTS312
cabinet
AIR BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
FAN BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
P P P P P PP
T T TT
S S S S S S M ME E E
U U U U U UU
U S UU
AIR BOX
Page5
Introduction
RF device in BTS include two parts
Indoor: combiner and splitter unit

For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU
module
Outdoor: antenna, feeder, TTA (tower top amplifier),

jumper and lightning arrester
Page6
Function of Combiner and

Divider
Use one antenna to support multiple TX/RX
signals,
decreases the amount of antenna and feeder
Complete duplexer of TX/RX and combine TX signal

filter, amplify and split the RX signal
Provide power for TTA
Page7
CDU (Combining and Divider

Unit)
Tx1
Tx/Rx_ANT
combiner
Tx2
duplexer
Tx_Comb
Tx_Dup
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Rx4
HL_out
Rx5
Rx6
Rx7
Rx8
HL_in
divider
amplifier
divider
filter
RxD
RxD_out
Page8
SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)

combiner
TX1
combiner
TX2
TX3
TX4
combiner
TX -Comb
Page9
EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)

Tx1
Rx1
Rx2
Rx1
Rx2
Tx2
duplexer
Tx/Rx_ANT1
duplexer
Tx/Rx_ANT2
divider
amplifier
divider
amplifier
Page10
Comparison among Different Combining

Units
Typical Loss
Price
Combine
Mode
CDU
SCU
SCU+CDU
EDU
Double CDU
( without combiner)
Double CDU
(With combiner)
combine two
TX signal
one step 3dB
combiner
combine four
TX signal
two step 3dB
combiner
combine four
TX signal
two step 3dB
combiner
no combiner
double duplex
no combiner
double duplex
combine two
TX signal
double duplex
Value of
TX(dB)
Comparison
(per TRX)
4.5
middle
6.8
low
low
middle
high
4.5
middle
Page11
ECDU&ESCU
ECDU
The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX.

input power. It can bear up to100W input RF power
ESCU
The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX.

input power. It can bear up to100W input RF power
Page12
S4/4/4 2CDU
Tx/RxM_ANT1
RxD
Tx/RxM_ANT2
RxD
CDU_1
Duplexer
Combiner
CDU_2
Duplexer
Distributor
Tx
Tx
Distributor
Combiner
Distributor
Distributor
TRx0
RxM
RxD
Tx
TRx2
RxM
RxD
TRx1
RxM
RxD
Tx
TRx2
RxM
RxD
Page13
S4/4/4 SCU+CDU
SCU
TX
TX OUT
COMB
RXA
RXB
TX COMB
TX OUT
RXA
RXB
TX
TX OUT
COMB
CDU
TX/RX ANT
TX COMB
RXA
DUP
TX DUP
RX
RXB
1:4
HL OUT
TX OUT
RXD ANT
HL IN
(RXA)
1:4
RXA
RXB
(TX/RXB)
RXD OUT
Page14
Board in BTS3012: DCOM
The DCOM is optional and there are
DCOM
up to three DCOMs.
ONSHELL
The DCOM combines the 2-route

DTRU transmission signals and
TX-COM
outputs them to the DDPU
TX1
TX2
Page15
Interfaces on DCOM
Interface
Type
ONSHELL DB26
Description
For identification of the board type
(female) of DCOM and on-site status

TXCOM
N (male) Output of combining signals from

the DCOM to DDPU
TX1
N (male) TX signal input from the DTRU to

DCOM
TX2
N (male) TX signal input from the DTRU to

DCOM
Page16
Board in BTS3012: DDPU
The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM in the forepart of

RF subsystem
Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU

to the antenna through the duplexer
Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and

quartering them to the transceiver in the DTRU
Detecting standing wave alarms in the Antenna Feeder

system
Receiving the gain control of the low noise amplifier
Page17
Functional structure of the

DDPU
ANTA
duplexer
ANTB
divider
duplexer divider
TXA
RXA1
RXA2
RXA3
RXA4
TXB
RXB1
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
Page18
Indicators on DDPU
Indicat
or
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
Colo
r
Gree
n
Red
Red
Description
Indicates the
DDPU is running
and powerd on
Indicates an alarm
Indicates a
standing wave
alarm of Channel
A
Status
Meaning
On
There is power supply and the

board is faulty.
Off
There is no power supply or the

board is faulty.
Slow flash (0.5 The board is running normally.

Hz)
Fast flash (2.5
Hz)
The DTMU is sending

configuration parameters to the
DDPU or the DDPU is loading
software programs.
On (including
highfrequency
flash)
There is alarm(including standing

wave alarm) and the board is
faulty.
Off
No fault
DDPU
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
VSWRB
COM
POWER
RXA1
Slow flash (0.5 The board is starting or loading

Hz)
the newest application programs
RXA2 TXA
Slow flash (0.5 Standing wave alarm occurs to

Hz)
Channel A
RXA4
On
Off
RXA3
RXB1
Standing wave critical alarm

occurs to Channel A
RXB2
No standing wave alarm occurs to

Channel A
RXB4
Slow flash (0.5 Standing wave alarm occurs to

Hz)
Channel B
Indicates
a Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2006
Huawei
On
Standing wave critical alarm
standing
wave
VSWRB Red
alarm of Channel
ANTB
ANTA
Page19
occurs to Channel B
RXB3
TXB
Interface on DDPU
ANTB
ANTA
Interfac
Type
e
COM
DB26
(female)
POWER 3V3
TXA
N (male)
TXB
RXA1
N (male)
Description
DDPU
Sends to the DDPU control signals, communication

signals, clock signals and subrack number
Power supply input
Input of the TX signals sent from the DTRU
Input of the DCOM combining signals
Input of the TX signals sent from the DTRU
Input of the DCOM combining signals
Main 1 output port
SMA
(female)
RXA2
SMA
Main 2 output port
(female)
RXA3
SMA
Main 3 output port
(female)
RXA4
SMA
Main 4 output port
(female)
RXB1
SMA
Diversity 1 output port
(female)
RXB2
SMA
Diversity 2 output port
(female)
Copyright SMA
2006 HuaweiDiversity
Technologies
Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved.
RXB3
3 output
port
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
VSWRB
COM
POWER
RXA1
RXA2
TXA
RXA3
RXA4
RXB1
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
Page20
TXB
Board in BTS3012: DATU
It is optional and there are maximum two

DATUs
RUN
ACT
ALM
Transmitting the remote electrical tilt unit

(RET) control signals
DATU
ANT0
ANT1
Feeding the TMA
ANT2
Communicating with the DTMU for
ANT3
control and alarm report
ANT4
ANT5
Page21
Bias-Tee
Separate RF signal from control

1
signal (antenna downtilt) and

power supply (TTA)
Connect antenna via jumper to

connector 1
Connect DDPU to connector 3
Connect DATU to connector 2
Page22
8 TRXs Connection of BTS

3012
BIAS-TEE
DDPU
DCOM
DATU
DTRU
Page23
Contents
1.
RF Part in BTS
2.
Antenna
3.
Feeder and TTA
Page24
What is Antenna?
Radiate and receive radio wave ,convert high frequency

current to electromagnetic wave when transmitting, and
convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current
when receiving
B la h blah
b la h b l a h
Page25
Classification
Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.
Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional
Classify by structure: line, pane, parabola feed
Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal
Classify by outline: line and pane
Page26
Radiate Pattern
Directional Antenna
Omni Direction
Page27
Outline
Page28
Polarization
vertical polarization
Omni antenna
vertical polarization
directional antenna
dual polarization
directional antenna
Page29
Function
Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave

when transmitting
Convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current

when receiving
Antenna can not amplify the transmission power, just

concentrate RF power to one direction
horizontal section
Vertical section
Page30
Radiate Pattern
Omni antenna
lobe
Direction
antenna lobe
Page31
Radiate Pattern
Page32
Dipole and Isotropic
Dipole
1/4wave length
1/2wave length
1/4 wave length
Isotropic
Ideal radiator with same ability on all direction!
Page33
Gain
The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop dipole or

isotropic
Indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic radiation

in specific directions
Isotropic antenna
Unit: dBi/dBd
Symmetrical dipole
antenna
Actual antenna
2.15d
B
dBd
dBi
Page34
Forward to Back Ratio
The ratio of main lobe signal strength to back lobe
This value is within 1845dB. In urban, it is

suggested to use the antenna with high F/B ratio
Page35
Beam Angle
HPBW: Half Power Beam Bandwidth
Lobe angel between two points, the power of which

reduce to the half of that of the maximum radiate
direction
Vertical HPBW and Horizontal HPBW

Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)
Peak
- 3dB
60 (eg)
Peak - 3dB
Peak
- 3dB
Page36
Down Title
To control coverage
To decrease inter modulation
Realization: electron and mechanism
Page37
Down Title
mechanism
electro
n
Page38
Effect of Electron Down Title
No Down title
Electron Down title
Page39
Effect of Mechanism Downtitle
No Downtitle
Electron Downtitle
Page40
Effect of Different Methods
10(E)
6(E)+ 4(M)
10(M)
Page41
Polarization
The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna.

The vertical polarization wave is vertical with the
-
plane of ground, and the horizontal polarization waves

parallel with the plane of ground
Single antenna has only one polarization direction.
Dual polarized antenna contains two single - polarized

antenna in one entity. Dual polarization antenna
usually adopts +45/ 45 degree orthogonal polarization
Page42
Polarization
VERTICAL
HORIAONTAL
+ 45
- 45
Page43
Dual Polarization
V/H
+/- 45
Page44
Port Isolation
The isolation among ports should be more than 30 dB. for

multi-ports antenna, Such as dual band, dual polarization
antenna
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW (1W)
1mW
Page45
Null Filled
It shall apply null filled technology when zero depth

is less than main beam for 26dB.
High gain antenna especially adopt null filled

technology to effectively improve the nearby
coverage
Page46
Upper Side Lobe Suppression

Main to upper side
Main to lower side
Page47
VSWR
If stands for antenna input impedance, and stands for antenna

standard characteristic impedance, the reflection coefficient is:
Z A Z 0
Z A Z 0
, VSWR
1
1
where is 50 ohm. The return loss can also indicate the match
characteristic of the port, that is, if VSWR = 1.5:1 and R.L. =
-13.98dB.
When antenna input impedance is inconsistent with its

characteristic impedance, the reflection wave and incident wave
will overlap on feeder cable to form standing wave. The ratio of
the maximum to minimum value of neighbor is the VSWR.
Page48
Passive intermodulation (PIM)
It is the inermodulation effect caused by the non-linearity

present in the passive components, such as connector, antenna,
feeder, and filter, working under high power signals of multiple
carriers.
Generally, it is granted that passive components are of linearity.

Under high power condition, nonlinearity is present in passive
components to some extent mainly due to the following causes:
Metals of different materials are contacted together.
The contact surface of the same materials is rough.
The components are not tightly connected.
Magnetic substances are present.
Page49
Usage of Antenna
Landform
Station Type
Reference
Select the antennas with low or
medium gains and preset electrical tilt
Urban areas
Directional station
angle depending on base station

density. An electrical adjustment
antenna or mechanical tilt angle can
be selected.
Select the antennas with high gain;
Suburban areas
Directional station
both electrical adjustment tilt antenna

and mechanical tilt antenna are ok.
Select the 90 antennas; but the best
Plains & Rural
Directional station
choice is the vertical signal

polarization antennas.
areas
Directional station
Select the antennas with zero point

filling first regardless of tilt angle.
Page50
Usage of Antenna
Landform
Station Type
Reference
First select the 8-shaped antennas,
Directional station
and then consider using the power

splitter of 0.5/0.5 configuration; it is
preferred to have zero point filling
function.
Expressways
First consider the 210 antennas,

Directional station +
Omni station
and then consider using the

directional antenna and omni
antenna together.
First consider the antennas with zero
point filling function, and then
Mountain
Omni station
consider the antennas with low gain;

the antenna tilt angel is considered
areas
last.
First consider the antennas with low
Directional station
gain and wide vertical beams, and

then consider adding tile angle.
Page51
Coupling Between Antennas
Horizontal separation
Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10
Antenna patterns become
main lobe
superimposed if
distance is too close
Vertical separation
5 .. 10
Decoupling distance:1 can provide

better RX /TX decoupling
Minimum coupling loss
Page52
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling
TX - TX: ~30dB
TX - RX: ~40dB
0,2m
Horizontal decoupling distance

depends on
Antenna gain
Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m
directional : 1 ... 3m
Omni-directional antenna
Use vertical separation for RX and

TX
Use vertical separation (fork) for

RX and diversity RX
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
Page53
Antenna Installation
Coupling loss (dB):
Lv=28+40log(k/) (vertical installation)
Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2) (horizontal
installation)
: wave length
K: distance at vertical
D: distance at horizontal
G1 G2: gain
S1 S2: Relative gain at line connected two antenna
Page54
Distributed Antenna System

Small
antenna
Power
splitter
Small
antenna
coupling
Small
antenna
coupling
Small
antenna
Small
antenna
Dual direction
coupling
amplifier
BTS
BTS
Power
splitter
Dual direction amplifier
Power
splitter
coupling
coupling
Small
antenna
Page55
Small
antenna
Symmetry and Asymmetry

Network
3
3
3
1.3
Dual direction
Tx/Rx
amplifier
0.5
3
3
0.5
3
10
10
3
Tx/Rx
Page56
Optical Fiber Distributed

Antenna
The optical fiber repeater is mainly adopted in the case

of wide coverage and long distance transmission
Op t
Signal
ica
nsce
a
r
T
l
iv e r
Transceiver
Optical Transceiver
Optical Transceiver
Transceiver
Opti
cal T
ransc
eive
r
Page57
Leaky Cable
Coaxial cable with perforated leads
It is mainly adopted for tunnel, metro and with high

cost of
equipment and installing
Power splitter
Matching load
Tx/Rx
Matching load
Page58
Leaky cable
Coaxial cable with perforated leads
Produce constant field-strength along cable runs
Work at wide-band
Radiating loss become higher with high frequency
Very large bending radius
Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
Expensive
Page59
Feature of Leaky Cable
Transmission loss per hundred meter

Typical value : 10~40 dB per 100m
Couple Loss at 1 meter distance

Typical value 55 dB (at 1m)
How to calculate strength with leaky
cable?
Page60
Comparison with Distributed

Antenna
Type
design Agility
Leaking Fiber
Coaxial Fiber
Optical
good
good
not good
Cost
high
low
high
Complexity of
Installing
high
low
low
high
high
low
Loss of
Transmission
Power Supply
Reliability
Applicability
not needed
high
metro, tunnel
not needed
needed
high
low
high building,
Commercial area
far area
coverage
Page61
Contents
1.
RF Part in BTS
2.
Antenna
3.
Feeder and TTA
Page62
Tower Top Amplifier
Amplify uplink weak signal
Balance uplink and downlink
Compensate loss of feeder
Simplex TTA
Duplex TTA
Triplex TTA
Page63
Triplex Tower Top Amplifier
Triplex
TTA
TX filter
BTS
antenna
bypass
Bias Tee
RX filter
RX filter
Low noise amplifier
DC
Page64
Data Configuration of CDU
Turn on power of TTA in CDU before installation
Configuration alarm threshold of TTA current before installation
TTA switch is in rear panel of CDU
TTA current switch is in rear panel of CDU
Configuration attenuation factor of receive signal on consol
attenuation factor of receive signal
=TTA gain feeder loss
Simplex TTA gain:14dB, triplex TTA gain:12dB
Don t use TTA if not necessary
For the convenience of installation
To get better lighting -proof effect
Page65
Power Switch and Current

Limit
Rear panel of KMW CDU
TTAM TTAD
OFF
TTAM
TTAM
TTAD
OFF
OFF
TTAM
TTAD
TTAD: power switch of diversity TTA

TTAM: power switch of main TTA switch
1
2
3
OFF
TTAD
1
2
3
select current limit
Page66
Power Switch and Current

Limit
Rear panel of COM DEV CDU
0
3
2 1 0
0
3
1 2
1 2
2 1
3
0
DIVERSE MAIN
1 2
0
3
3
2 1 0
Note:
MAIN main TTA switch
DIVERSE diversity TTA switch
Page67
Feeder
Feeder selection
Type : 1/2 7/8 5/4

Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than
80 m
and otherwise select 7/8 in 900MHz
Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than
50 m
and otherwise select 7/8 in 1800MHz
Feeder curvature should not be so big, outer conductor
should be connected to earth
LOSS dB/100m
TYPE
LDF5 - 50A(7/8
LDF6 - 50(5/4
M1474A(7/8
SYFY - 50 - 22(7/8 )
HFC22D
- A(7/8 )
(MHz)
VSWR
Bend
Radius (m)
manufacturer
890
1,000
1,700
2,000
4.03
4.3
5.87
6.46
1.15
0.25
ANDREW
2.98
3.17
4.31
4.77
1.15
0.38
ANDREW
6.6
1.15
0.22
ACOME
6.46
1.15
0.3
6.7
1.15
0.25
609
LG
4.3
4.03
5.87
4.47
Page68
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
CUD structure and loss
SCU structure and loss
Antenna type and feature
TTA
Page69
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Radio Frequency

Part and Antenna

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

RF components are widely used in wireless system,

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Understand the structure and features of combination

Master the key specifications of antenna

Be able to choose the suitable type of RF component

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Feeder and TTA

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

RF device in BTS include two parts

Indoor: combiner and splitter unit

Outdoor: antenna, feeder, TTA (tower top amplifier),

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Function of Combiner and

decreases the amount of antenna and feeder

Complete duplexer of TX/RX and combine TX signal

Provide power for TTA

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

CDU (Combining and Divider

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison among Different Combining

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX.

The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Board in BTS3012: DCOM

The DCOM is optional and there are

The DCOM combines the 2-route

outputs them to the DDPU

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

(female) of DCOM and on-site status

N (male) Output of combining signals from

N (male) TX signal input from the DTRU to

N (male) TX signal input from the DTRU to

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Board in BTS3012: DDPU

The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM in the forepart of

Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU

Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and

Detecting standing wave alarms in the Antenna Feeder

Receiving the gain control of the low noise amplifier

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functional structure of the

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

There is power supply and the

There is no power supply or the

Slow flash (0.5 The board is running normally.

The DTMU is sending

There is alarm(including standing

Slow flash (0.5 The board is starting or loading

Slow flash (0.5 Standing wave alarm occurs to

Standing wave critical alarm

No standing wave alarm occurs to

Slow flash (0.5 Standing wave alarm occurs to