Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
03-10-2013
Weldability
The capacity of a metal to be welded
under the fabrication conditions imposed
into a specific, suitably designed
structure, and to perform satisfactorily in
the intended service.
AWS Welding Handbook, Vol.
4, 7th Edition
Liberty ships
of world war II could be
easily fabricated by
welding
For a Researcher
Carbon equivalent (CE)
Cooling time (t8/5)
WRC diagaram
Schaeffler Diagram
Diffusible hydrogen
Transverse ductility
in g
k
c
a
r
c
Cold acking
r
Hot C racking
at C
ring
Rehe
a
e
T
l lar
Lame
Martensite
-ferrite
Pearlite
Austenite
Implant test
Varestraint test
Y-groove test
ASTM A 262
Circular patch test
Welder
qualification
PWHT
Destructive
Tests
NDT
Production
Distortion
Repair welding
Uncertainties of
materials and
consumables
Difficulty of access,
PWHT
What is weldabilty
possess
Weldability.
Material type,
welding parameters amps,
volts
travel speed,
heat input.
1. Stress
2. Restraint
3. Susceptible microstructure
Residual stress is always present in a weldment, through
loacal expansion and contraction
Restraint may be a local restriction, or through plates being
welded to other
The microstructure is often made susceptible to cracking by
the process of welding
FACTORS EFFECTING
WELDABILITY
For making a good joint that performs satisfactorily in
service, there are so many factors. Some of them are: 1.
2.
3.
4.
Welding process
5.
Welding procedure
Parent metal
composition
5.
Current
V Voltage
Heat input = 1.6 kJ/mm
Distance travelled in 1
second
Heat input =
Amps x volts
Travel speed mm/sec X 1000
Hydrogen induced
weld metal cracking
Hydrogen induced
HAZ cracking
Water vapour
in the air or in
the shielding
gas
Oxide or grease on
the plate
H2
H2
H2
H2 H2
Moisture on
the electrode
or grease on
the wire
Below 200oC
Above 200oC
Atomic
Hydrogen
(H)
Hydrogen
diffusion
Molecular
Hydrogen
(H2)
Steel under contraction
Scale
Hydrogen Content
> 15 ml
> 10 ml < 15 ml
> 5 ml < 10 ml
> 3 ml < 5 ml
< 3 ml
TIG
< 3 ml
MIG
< 5 ml
ESW
< 5 ml
< 10 ml
< 15 ml
< 5 ml
Weld Centerline
5mm
15mm
20mm
5 = 0.25
20
Cracking likely
Higher dilution levels
faster cooling
20mm
15 = 0.75
20
Cracking unlikely
Lower dilution levels
slower cooling
Solidification crack
& liquid film
Columnar
grains
HAZ
Columnar
grains
HAZ
Cross section
Improved
Susceptible
Less susceptible
Non-susceptible
Susceptible
Non-susceptible
Susceptible
Non-Susceptible
Critical area
Critical area
Critical
area
Oil/Gas
platforms
Aerospace
Rotating
equipment
Lifting equipment
Overhead
Cranes
Pressure
Vessels
Piping
systems
Civil
engineering
plant
Questions
QU 1. Briefly discuss the four essential factors for hydrogen
cracking to occur
QU 2. State four precautions to reduce the chance of hydrogen
cracking
QU 3. In which type of steel is weld decay is experienced and
state how it can be prevented
QU 4. State the precautions to reduce the chances of
solidification cracking
QU 5. State four the essential factors for lamellar tearing to
occur