Sie sind auf Seite 1von 41

Earthquake

Engineering

What is Earthquake
engineering?
Earthquake engineering is the
application of civil engineering
to reduce life and economic
losses due to earthquakes.
Traditionally, it has been
narrowly defined as the study of
the behavior of structures and
geo-structures subject to
seismic loading.

What is Seismic loading?


Seismic loading means application of an earthquake-generated excitation to a
structure (or geo-structure). It happens at contact surfaces of a structure
either with the ground , or with adjacent structures or with gravity waves
from tsunami.

Seismic loading depends primarily on:


Probable earthquake's parameters at the site (seismic hazard)
Geotechnical parameters of the site
Structure's characteristics
Characteristics of the expected gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable)

Seismic performance

Seismic performance defines a structure's ability to sustain


its due functions, such as its safety and serviceability, at and
after a particular earthquake exposure. A structure is,
normally, considered safe if it does not endanger the lives
and well-being of those in or around it by partially or
completely collapsing. A structure may be
considered serviceable if it is able to fulfill its operational
functions for which it was designed.

What are the Failure modes?


Themajorreasonsoffailure:

Unreinforced masonry building


Soft story effect
Soil liquefaction
Insufficient shear reinforcement

Unreinforced masonry
building
The lack of reinforcement
coupled with
poor mortar and inadequate
roof-to-wall ties can result
in substantial damage to
a unreinforced masonry
building.

Soft
story effect
Absence of adequate shear walls on the ground level caused
damage to this structure.

Soil liquefaction

Soil liquefaction. In the cases where the soil consists of loose granular deposited
materials with the tendency to develop excessive hydrostatic pore water pressure of
sufficient magnitude and compact, liquefaction of those loose saturated deposits may
result in non-uniform settlements and tilting of structures. This caused major damage to
thousands of buildings in Niigata, Japan during the 1964 earthquake.

Insufficient shear reinforcement


Reinforced concrete column burst due to insufficient shear
reinforcement mode which allows main reinforcement to buckle
outwards.

Some Simple
Design Criteria

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.

An adequate lateral load resisting system

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.
Maintain regularity in elevation.

Maintain regularity in elevation

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.
Maintain regularity in elevation.
Ensure connection between structural elements.

Ensure connection between structural elements

Ensure connection between structural elements

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.
Maintain regularity in elevation.
Ensure connection between structural elements.
Avoid designing in locations of stress concentration.

Avoid designing in locations of stress concentration

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.
Maintain regularity in elevation.
Ensure connection between structural elements.
Avoid designing in locations of stress concentration.
Spacing between buildings to avoid pounding.

Avoid pounding

Simple Design Criteria


Choose an adequate lateral load resisting system.
Maintain regularity in elevation.
Ensure connection between structural elements.
Avoid designing in locations of stress concentration.
Spacing between buildings to avoid pounding.
Adopt capacity design concepts to control the failure mode.

Capacity Design
Concepts

Capacity Design Concepts

An earthquake-resistant
building has a number of special
structural features. Interior support
walls called shear walls, made of
reinforced concrete, strengthen the
structure and help resist rocking
forces. Shear walls in the center of
a building form a shear core.
Cross-bracing reinforces walls with
diagonal steel beams. Base
isolators act as shock absorbers,
and a moat allows a building to
bend.

Shear wall and


shear core
Shear wall and shear
core are walls those
made of reinforcement
concrete which are more
stiffer and stronger that
gives the structure more
strength against the
lateral load.

Base Isolation

A base isolated structure is supported


by a series of bearing pads which are
placed between the building and the
building's foundation.

A variety of different types of base


isolation bearing pads have now been
developed.
Example: Leadrubber bearings,
Spherical Sliding Isolation Systems

LeadRubber Bearings
Leadrubber bearings. These are among
the frequentlyused types of base isolation
bearings. (See Figure) A leadrubber
bearing is made from layers of rubber
sandwiched together with layers of steel. In
the middle of the bearing is a solid lead
"plug." On top and bottom, the bearing is
fitted with steel plates which are used to
attach the bearing to the building and
foundation. The bearing is very stiff and
strong in the vertical direction, but flexible
in the horizontal direction.

Earthquake Generated
Forces
To get a basic idea of how base
isolation works, first examine
Figure. This shows an
earthquake acting on both a
base isolated building and a
conventional, fixedbase,
building. As a result of an
earthquake, the ground beneath
each building begins to move.
In Figure , it is shown moving
to the right .

Spherical Sliding
Isolation Systems
Leadrubber bearings are just one of
a number of different types of base
isolation bearings which have now
been developed. Spherical Sliding
Isolation Systems are another type
of base isolation. The building is
supported by bearing pads that have
a curved surface and low friction.
During an earthquake, the building is
free to slide on the bearings. Since
the bearings have a curved surface,
the building slides both horizontally
and vertically The force needed to
move the building upwards limits the
horizontal or lateral forces which
would otherwise cause building
deformations. Also, by adjusting the
radius of the bearing's curved
surface, this property can be used to
design bearings that also lengthen the
building's period of vibration.

Typically, the tuned mass


dampers are huge concrete
blocks mounted in sky
scrapers or other structures
and moved in opposition to
the resonance frequency
oscillations of the structures
by means of some sort of
spring mechanism.

Tuned mass
damper

Building elevation
control

Building elevation control is a


valuable source of vibration
control of seismic loading.
Pyramid-shaped skyscrapers
continue to attract attention of
architects and engineers because
such structures promise a better
stability against earthquakes and
winds.

Springs-with-damper
base isolator
It is a base
isolation device
conceptually
similar to Lead
Rubber Bearing.

Advantages And
Disadvantages

Braced frame
Advantages
Usually used in steel structures
Add great amount of stiffness
to structure
Simple to design and analyze

Disadvantages
May require special tools to
install
Not energy efficient (steel)
Steel is easy to transfer heat. So, its
easy to lose heat during winter

Cannot adapt to different load


conditions

Braced frame
Advantages
Usually used in steel structures
Add great amount of stiffness
to structure
Simple to design and analyze

Disadvantages
May require special tools to
install
Not energy efficient (steel)
Steel is easy to transfer heat. So, its
easy to lose heat during winter

Cannot adapt to different load


conditions

Shear wall
Many materials are used as shear wall
Woods, steel, concrete and masonry
Commonly used in homes

Advantages
Provides great stiffness
Easy to install to existing structures
Many constructors are familiar with it
Cheap

Disadvantages
Less energy dissipation
Cause higher loses to non-structural
components

Base isolator
Advantages
-

High energy dissipation

Not required electric

Good for using in large structures

Compact
- Have both lateral stiffness and Vertical
support

Disadvantages
-

Difficult to install to existing structures

Provides lower stiffness

Sensitive to near fault ground Acc.

Objective of the
Presentation

Objective of the
Presentation

The main objective of this


presentation is to introduce
earthquake engineering,
how it works, why it is
needed and also to share the
fundamental concepts that
we try to gather.

Thank You All

Question

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen