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Engineering
What is Earthquake
engineering?
Earthquake engineering is the
application of civil engineering
to reduce life and economic
losses due to earthquakes.
Traditionally, it has been
narrowly defined as the study of
the behavior of structures and
geo-structures subject to
seismic loading.
Seismic performance
Unreinforced masonry
building
The lack of reinforcement
coupled with
poor mortar and inadequate
roof-to-wall ties can result
in substantial damage to
a unreinforced masonry
building.
Soft
story effect
Absence of adequate shear walls on the ground level caused
damage to this structure.
Soil liquefaction
Soil liquefaction. In the cases where the soil consists of loose granular deposited
materials with the tendency to develop excessive hydrostatic pore water pressure of
sufficient magnitude and compact, liquefaction of those loose saturated deposits may
result in non-uniform settlements and tilting of structures. This caused major damage to
thousands of buildings in Niigata, Japan during the 1964 earthquake.
Some Simple
Design Criteria
Avoid pounding
Capacity Design
Concepts
An earthquake-resistant
building has a number of special
structural features. Interior support
walls called shear walls, made of
reinforced concrete, strengthen the
structure and help resist rocking
forces. Shear walls in the center of
a building form a shear core.
Cross-bracing reinforces walls with
diagonal steel beams. Base
isolators act as shock absorbers,
and a moat allows a building to
bend.
Base Isolation
LeadRubber Bearings
Leadrubber bearings. These are among
the frequentlyused types of base isolation
bearings. (See Figure) A leadrubber
bearing is made from layers of rubber
sandwiched together with layers of steel. In
the middle of the bearing is a solid lead
"plug." On top and bottom, the bearing is
fitted with steel plates which are used to
attach the bearing to the building and
foundation. The bearing is very stiff and
strong in the vertical direction, but flexible
in the horizontal direction.
Earthquake Generated
Forces
To get a basic idea of how base
isolation works, first examine
Figure. This shows an
earthquake acting on both a
base isolated building and a
conventional, fixedbase,
building. As a result of an
earthquake, the ground beneath
each building begins to move.
In Figure , it is shown moving
to the right .
Spherical Sliding
Isolation Systems
Leadrubber bearings are just one of
a number of different types of base
isolation bearings which have now
been developed. Spherical Sliding
Isolation Systems are another type
of base isolation. The building is
supported by bearing pads that have
a curved surface and low friction.
During an earthquake, the building is
free to slide on the bearings. Since
the bearings have a curved surface,
the building slides both horizontally
and vertically The force needed to
move the building upwards limits the
horizontal or lateral forces which
would otherwise cause building
deformations. Also, by adjusting the
radius of the bearing's curved
surface, this property can be used to
design bearings that also lengthen the
building's period of vibration.
Tuned mass
damper
Building elevation
control
Springs-with-damper
base isolator
It is a base
isolation device
conceptually
similar to Lead
Rubber Bearing.
Advantages And
Disadvantages
Braced frame
Advantages
Usually used in steel structures
Add great amount of stiffness
to structure
Simple to design and analyze
Disadvantages
May require special tools to
install
Not energy efficient (steel)
Steel is easy to transfer heat. So, its
easy to lose heat during winter
Braced frame
Advantages
Usually used in steel structures
Add great amount of stiffness
to structure
Simple to design and analyze
Disadvantages
May require special tools to
install
Not energy efficient (steel)
Steel is easy to transfer heat. So, its
easy to lose heat during winter
Shear wall
Many materials are used as shear wall
Woods, steel, concrete and masonry
Commonly used in homes
Advantages
Provides great stiffness
Easy to install to existing structures
Many constructors are familiar with it
Cheap
Disadvantages
Less energy dissipation
Cause higher loses to non-structural
components
Base isolator
Advantages
-
Compact
- Have both lateral stiffness and Vertical
support
Disadvantages
-
Objective of the
Presentation
Objective of the
Presentation
Question