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(b)
potassium + water
2 K (s)
(c)
+ H2 (g)
Ionic Equations
These show what happens which ions actually react.
spectator ions do not change and are omitted. They just
maintain electrical neutrality.
Ionic Equations
2 K (s)
+ H 2 (g)
2 K (s)
p. 23 Q. 2
Al2O3 (s) + 6 HI (g) 2 AlI3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
What masses of aluminium oxide and hydrogen iodide would be required
to produce 102 g aluminium iodide?
R.F.M. of AlI3 = 27 + (3 126.9) = 407.7
Moles of AlI3 = 102 / 407.7 = 0.250
Moles Al2O3 = 0.250 / 2 = 0.125
R.F.M. of Al2O3 = (2 27) + (3 16) =102
Mass of Al2O3 = 0.125 102 = 12.8 g
Moles of HI = 0.250 3 = 0.750
R.F.M of HI = 127.9
p. 23 Q.3
The substance ATP is important for transporting energy in living cells. a sample of
1.6270 g of ATP was analysed and found to contain 0.3853 g of carbon, 0.05178 g of
hydrogen, 0.2247 g nitrogen and 0.2981 g of phosphorus. The rest was oxygen. The
relative molecular mass of ATP is 507. What are its empirical and molecular formulae?
Oxygen mass= 1.6270 - 0.3853 0.05178 0.2247 0.2981 = 0.6671 g
C
:
H
:
N
:
P
:
(0.05178/1):(0.2247/14):(0.2981/31):(0.6671/16)
= (0.3853/12):
0.009616
= 3.339 :
5.385
: 1.669 :
1.000 :
4.335
=10
16
: 5
13
p.27 Q. 1
A stock solution contains 10 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid. What
volume of this solution should be dissolved in water to make 6 dm3 of
acid of concentration 0.1 mol dm-3?
Moles of HCl = 6 dm3 0.1 mol dm-3 = 0.6
Volume = 0.6 mole / 10 mol dm-3 = 0.06 dm3 = 60 cm3.
p.27 Q. 2
When solutions of potassium chloride and silver nitrate are mixed together, a
precipitate of silver chloride forms.
(a) Write a balanced molecular equation for this reaction.
KCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl (s) + KCl (aq)
(b) In an experiment, 24.0 cm3 of 0.05 M silver nitrate solution exactly reacts
with 15.0 cm3 of potassium chloride solution. Calculate the molar
concentration of the potassium chloride.
Moles of AgNO3 = 24.0/1000 dm3 0.05 mol dm-3 = 0.0012
1:1 AgNO3:KCl so 0.0012 mol KCl
Concentration = 0.0012 mol / (15/1000) dm3 = 0.0800 mol dm-3
(c) How much KCl would be needed to produce 100 cm3 of this concentration?
Moles = 100/1000 dm3 0.0800 mol dm-3 = 0.008
Mass = 0.008 mol 74.5 g mol-1 = 0.596 g
p.31 Question 1
p.31 Q2
2-bromo-2-methylpropane, C4H9Br can be used to produce
methylpropene, C4H8. 2-bromo-2-methyl propane reacts with sodium
ethoxide, NaOC2H5 to produce ethanol C2H5OH and sodium bromide,
along with methylpropene. Work out the atom economy for the reaction.
Ratio
R.F.M.
137
46
56
Volume of
1.0M KI
(aq) (cm3)
Precipitate
depth (mm)
0.005
0.5
0.0005
0.005
0.0010
0.005
1.5
0.0015
0.005
0.0020
10
0.005
2.5
0.0025
12
0.005
0.0030
12
0.005
3.5
0.0035
12
p.29
Q1
Isotopes
An isotope is a sample of an element in
which the atoms have the same number of
neutrons as well as the same number of
neutrons.
Isotopes are samples of the same element
in which the atoms have different numbers
of neutrons whilst having the same
number of protons.
Mass spectrometer
Mass spectrometer
Gaseous sample needed (vaporisation by heating or
laser dye absorption)
Vacuum so ions move freely without colliding
Electron gun bombards sample molecule with high
energy electrons causing ionisation, e.g.
CH4 (g) + e- CH4+ (g) + 2 e Negative plates accelerate sample ions and select for
uniform velocity
Variable electromagnet deflects the ions
Detector, connected to computer, generates a graph of
ion abundance against mass / charge (a function of
electromagnetic field strength)
Molecular ions can fragment by random breaking of
any covalent bond within the molecule. Every species
detected in the mass spectrum is a positive ion.
p. 55 Q2
Isotope
Percentage abundance %
78
Kr
77.92
0.12
80
Kr
79.92
2.0
82
Kr
81.91
12
83
Kr
82.91
12
84
Kr
83.91
57
86
Kr
85.91
17
Dating rocks
14C dating (age of materials of biological origin)
Isotopic composition of hormones in athletes (is the
molecule made recently from material of
photosynthetic origin and is therefore natural or was it
made from petroleum derived material by an organic
chemist?
Analysis of atmospheres on other planets by
spacecraft.