Part 1

Fundamentals of 3G

Generation Standards

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frequency

st

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

KHz
KHz
KHz
KHz
KHz
KHz
KHz
KHz

Generation Standards

One timeslot = 0.577 ms

One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots

200 KHz

Frequency

st

Except IS-95
all are TDMA
based

200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz

Time

The Second Generation

1990s
1st system to use Digital modulation
Variety of Multiple Access strategies
Voice and low rate circuit switched data
Same technology allows international roaming
Secure air interface

www.escsl.com

UMTS Evolution / 3GPP

Releases

HSDPA (14 Mbps)

IMS Phase 1

HSUPA (5.76 Mbps)

IMS Phase 2

Bearer independent
CS CN

matured GSM/GPRS CN
+ UTRAN
+ WCDMA Air Interface
up to 384 kbps (2 Mbps)

Release 99
1999

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6
Release 5

Release 4

Release 4

Release 99

Release 99

Release 99

2001

2002/03

2005

Year

UMTS Evolution / 3GPP

Releases
HSPA + or
eHSPA
Release 8

Release 9

Release 10
Release 9

Release 8

Release 8

Release 7

Release 7

Release 7

Release 6

Release 6

Release 6

Release 6

Release 5

Release 5

Release 5

Release 5

Release 4

Release 4

Release 4

Release 4

Release 99

Release 99

Release 99

Release 99

2007

2008/09

2009/10

Release 7

2010/11

Year

UMTS Architecture [1]

CN
Iu
UTRAN
Uu
UE

UTRAN
CN
UE

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

Core Network
User Equipment

UMTS Architecture [2]

Core Network
Iu

Iu

RNS

RNS
RNC
Iub

Node B

Node B

Iur

RNC
Iub
Node B

Node B

UMTS Architecture [3]

To
PSTN
Core
Networ
k

GMSC
VLR
MSC
Lu-CS

C
D
F

Gc

HLR
EIR
Iu-

CS

Gr

Gf
Gs

GGSN
Gn

Gp

SGSNS

Other PLMN

Iu-P

Iur

RNC

RNC

Node
B

b
Iu

b
Iu

Node
B

Node
B

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
HLR Home Location Register
RNC Radio Network Controller
EIR Equipment Identity Register
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
RNS Radio Network Subsystem
AUC Authentication centre

To IP
Network

RNS

RNS

UTRAN

GI

AUC

Node
B
SGSN Service GPRS Support Node
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VLR Visitor Location Register

R99 Network
Architecture

UMTS Architecture [4]

Network Nodes
1. User Equipment
. Consist of ME and USIM
. The Mobile Equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used
for radio communication over the Uu interface
. The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a
smartcard that holds:
the subscriber identity,
performs authentication algorithms,
stores authentication and encryption keys
subscription information that is needed at the
terminal

Core Network [1]

1. Home Location Register HLR
. is a database located in the users home system
that stores the master copy of the users service
profile
. It is created when a new user subscribes to the
system, and remains stored as long as the
subscription is active
2. Mobile Switching Centre/Visitor Location
Register MSC/VLR
. It is the switch (MSC) and database (VLR) that
serves the UE in its current location for Circuit
Switched (CS) services
. MSC switches the CS transactions
. VLR holds a copy of the visiting users service
profile and more precise information on the UEs

Core Network [2]

3. Gateway MSC GMSC
. It is the switch at the point where UMTS PLMN is
connected to external CS networks
. All incoming and outgoing CS connections go
through GMSC
4. Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN
. Its functionality is similar to that of MSC/VLR but
is typically used for Packet Switched (PS) services
5. Gateway GSN GGSN
. functionality is close to that of GMSC but is in
relation to PS services

Interfaces
1. Cu interface
. This is the electrical interface between the USIM
smartcard and the ME.
. The interface follows a standard format for
smartcards.
2. Uu interface
. It is the WCDMA radio interface
. The UE accesses the fixed part of the system
through this interface
3. Iu interface
. It connects UTRAN to the CN
. the open Iu interface gives UMTS operators the
possibility of acquiring UTRAN and CN from
different manufacturers

Interfaces

4. Iur interface
. The open Iur interface allows soft handover
between RNCs
5. Iub interface
. It connects a Node B and an RNC
. UMTS is the first commercial mobile telephony
system where the ControllerBase Station
interface is standardised as a fully open interface

Radio Access Network [1]

Radio Access Network [1]

1.
.
.
.
.

Radio Network Controller

It is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area
One RNC can control multiple Node Bs
Its functionality is equivalent to BSC in GSM/GPRS
RNCs can autonomously handles handovers without involving MSCs
and SGSNs
Radio
Radio
(Outer Loop)
Admission
Resource
Code
Bearer SetPower
Control
Control
Allocation
up / Release
Control
(RRC)

Congestion
Control
(Packet
Scheduling)

Handover
Control

(incl.
Combining /
Splitting)

S-RNS
Relocation
(S-RNC/DRNC)

Protocol
conversion
(Iu Iub,
Iur)

ATM
switching
and
multiplexing

O&M tasks

Ciphering
and
Deciphering

Radio Resource Management

functions of RNC
LC

PS
RM

AC

network
based
functions

PC
HC

connection
based
functions

Packet Scheduler - PS
Resource Manager - RM
Admission Control - AC
Load Control - LC

Power Control - PC
Handover Control - HC

Radio Access Network [1]

1.
.
.
.
.
.

Node B
It is responsible for air interface L1 processing
Also performs some RRM function such as inner loop power control
It is equivalent to BTS in GSM/GPRS
Node Bs are typically collocated with GSM BTSs
The enigmatic term Node B was initially adopted as a temporary term during the
standardization process, but then never changed

Spreading

Scrambling

Fast Power
Control

Channel
Coding

Measureme
nt reports to
RNC

Interleaving

ATM
transmission

Modulation

Microdiversity
Combining
(in Softer
HO)

3GPP Rel-4 Network Architecture

MSC
Serv
er

GMS
C
Serv
er

The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of connection, its control, and services for

CN CS

domain.
Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and performing switching
function when required.
MSC server: an element controlling MGW.

RABs

UMTS - Hierarchy of Bearers

UMTS
TE
TE

MT
MT

UTRAN
UTRAN

CN
CN
Gateway
Gateway

CN Iu
CN Iu
edge
edge
node
node

End-to-End Service

TE/MT Local
Bearer
Service

UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer

Service

RAB

Radio
Bearer
Service

Iu Bearer
Service

UTRA
FDD/TDD
Service

Physical
Bearer
Service

External
Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone
Bearer
Service

3GPP TS 23.107, QoS Concept and Architecture

TE
TE

Multi-Access Radio Techniques

UMTS is designed to work in both TDD and FDD mode

But FDD option has been preferred by majority of 3G
operators

Multiple Access Approaches

Frequency
Division
Multiple
Access

Time
Division
Multiple
Access

Spread
Spectrum
Multiple
Access

Code
Division
Multiple
Access

Frequency

User N

User 3

User 2

User 1

User 3

User 2

User 1

Multiple
Transmitters

Time

and
Multiple Data
Channels
Frequency

Each User has a unique

frequency

Each User has a unique

time slot

Each Transmitter has a unique

spreading code

(1 voice channel per user)

Each Data Channel has a unique

position within the time slot

Each Data Channel has a unique

orthogonal code

All users transmit at the

same time

Several users share the

same frequency

Many users share the same

frequency and time

IS-136, GSM, PDC

IS-95, cdma2000, WCDMA

AMPS, NMT, TACS

UMTS Core Band ( or 2.1 GHz Band or Band I )

TDD
FDD
DECT
UMTS
188 190 192
0
0
0

TDD
MSS
UMT
198
201S 202
0
5
0

FDD
UMTS
211
0

TDD Bands :

FDD Bands :

_ _ _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MHz

Uplink :
MHz

&
_ _ _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MHz

MSS
217
220
0
0

_ _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
&

Downlink: _ _ _ _ _ _ to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MHz

Wideband CDMA Specifications

Main Parameters [1]

WCDMA is a wideband Direct-Sequence Code Division

Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system

user information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying the user data with quasi-random bits (called chips)

to support very high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps), the use of a

variable spreading factor and multi-code connections is
supported

The chip rate of 3.84 Mcps leads to a carrier bandwidth

of approximately 5 MHz

Main Parameters [2]

t Bandwidth 5MHz
Bandwidth 5MHz
Uplink

Downlink

Separation 190MHz

f
t

UMTS-TDD
(Time Division
Duplex)
Bandwidth 5MHz

Downlink
Guard
Period

Uplink

Preparing the
Data and
Signaling for the
UMTS Air
Interface

Overview of the UMTS Air Interface (Uu)

The user data is coded,
depending on the
application

SMS
SMS

The specifications
define the UE actions

Signalling

Data

Channel Coding

Channels
Radio Framing

Spreading &
Channelisation

The signal is now

scrambled

Data is coded, framed,

spread and channelised

Scrambling

4
The UE uses a special
receiver to RAKE through
the air interface

Different channels carry

different information

Modulation
RAKE

Tx

The signal is modulated

on a frequency to
represent binary values

Air interface

Error Correction Code Parameter

Transport
Channel Type

Coding Scheme

Coding Rate

BCH
PCH
RACH

1/2
Convolutional
code
1/3, 1/2

DCH,
FACH

Turbo coding

1/3

Channel coding, rate matching

1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional channel coding and
turbo coding will be implemented.
Rate matching is used to "fit" the data bit rate so that it
corresponds to the pre-defined fixed bit rates of the
air interface. Also puncturing can be used.
Baseband data (n kb/s)

- Convolutional coding
- Interleaving

1.
- 3015
kb/sksps
2.
- 6030
kb/sksps
3.
60
ksps
- 120
kb/s
4.
120
- 240
kb/sksps
5.
240
- 480
kb/sksps
6.
480
- 960
kb/sksps
7. 960 ksps

Rate
Matching

3.84 Mcps

WCDMA frame structure

Slot # 0

Slot # 1

Slot# i

1 radio frame : Tf = 10 ms

31

2005

Slot #14

Variable Bit Rate

Power
Frequency

5MHz

High bit rate user

Users Separated by
Codes
Time
Low bit rate user

Channelisation and
scrambling
Channelisation CodeScrambling Code
Data
Bit rate

Chip rate

Chip rate

Data (Baseband, Channel Coded & Rate-Matched)

Data is Spread...

ch,4,0=(1,1, 1, 1)
ch,2,0 = (1,1)
ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,1,0= (1)
ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,2,1 = (1,-1)

by a certain factor. The channelisation code

is selected based upon how much the data is
spread

ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Spread and Combined with Channelisation Code

33

2005

Downlink Example
Page 22

Spreading Principles

Spreading and Despreading [1]

User
1

2
1&2&3

User
2

User
3
Narrowband data
signals

Spread
Spectrum
signals

1 &3

Users transmit
their spread
spectrum
signals
simultaneously

Output of user
2s receiver

Code Usage
Dedicated User
Channel
In the Uplink (UE
BTS), the user's
data and signalling
information is
separated by
Channelisation
Codes
In the Downlink (BTS
UE), user
signalling
data connections are
separated by
Channelisation
Codes

In the Uplink
(UE BTS),
terminals are
separated by
Scrambling
Codes

In the Downlink
(BTSUE), cells
are seperated by
Scrambling
Codes

channelization Codes
(Also called Walsh codes or spreading codes)
Downlink: Channelization Codes used to distinguish data (and control)
channels coming from each cell

CC1, CC2

CC3, CC4
CC5, CC6, CC7

Uplink: Channelization Codes used to distinguish data (and control)

channels coming from each UE

CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

channelization Code tree

Cch,2,0 =11

Cch,4,0 =1111
Cch,4,1 =1100

Cch,1,0 =1
Cch,4,2 =1010
Cch,4,3 =1001
Cch,2,1 =10

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

o o o o o o

channelization Codes
Adapts user bit-rate to code length
In reality, multipath, small timing errors
diminish the usable code space
1

Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps

1-1

1-11-1

1-11-1-1111
480 kb/s

11

1-1-11

1-11-11-111
480 kb/s

1-1-11-1111
480 kb/s

1-1-111-111
480 kb/s

11-1-1

11-1-1-1111
480 kb/s

11-1-111-11
480 kb/s

Example: 8 users; one 8-bit code per

user

1111

1111-1-1-11
480 kb/s

11111111
480 kb/s

Scrambling Codes
Downlink: Scrambling Code used to distinguish each cell (assigned by
operator SC planning)
Uplink:
network)

Scrambling Code used to distinguish each UE (assigned by

Cell 1 transmits using SC1

SC1

SC1

SC3

SC4

Cell 2 transmits using SC2

SC2

SC5

SC2

SC6

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Each Cell is assigned one and only one Primary Scrambling Code (of 512)
Secondary Scrambling Codes may be used over part of a cell, or for other
data channels
8192 Downlink Scrambling Codes

Each code is 38,400 chips of a 218 - 1 (262,143 chip) Gold Sequence

Code Group #1

Code Group #64

Primary SC0

Primary SC7

Primary SC504

Primary SC511

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

Secondary
Scrambling
Codes

(15)

(15)

(15)

(15)

Spreading and Despreading [2]

Symbol
Dat
a
Spreading code

Chi
p

Spreading

1
1
1
-1
1
-1

Spread
=Data *
Signal
Code
Despreading
Spreading code

Dat
=Spreada signal *
Code

1
-1
1
-1

Spreading and Despreading [3]

Desired Spread
Signal
Spreading
code
Data after
Despreading

Desired Signal
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
8

Data after
Integration
Other Spread
signal
Other signal after
despreading
Other signal after
Integration

Other users
Data

1
18
8

RAKE receiver

In WCDMA, the terminal employs a RAKE receiver to handle

Multipath propagation. The RAKE consists of receivers),
adjustable-by-system delay functionality, code generator,
and gain and phase tuning equipment. One Multipath
component that the RAKE recognizes is called a finger.
Typically, RAKE is able to handle several fingers. One of
these fingers receives the signal from the Uu interface and
tries to open it with the code used for the connection.

The second finger receives the same signal from the Uu

interface, and the code used for this connection is inserted
to the receiver after a short, adjustable delay. When the
signal is demodulated and regenerated, the outcomes of
the fingers can be summed together.

CDMA Rake Receiver

Each RAKE finger tracks a different multipath component

Sliding correlator used to obtain a correlation peak for each
multipath component
Also used to track other cells during soft handover

Searcher finger is used to measure other cells (for handover)

Channel

Buffer/delay
Correlators
Finger #1

Finger #2
Finger #3

C
O
M
B
I

Sum of individual
multipath
components:
- maximum ratio
- strongest select
- equal gain

N
E

Finger #N
Searcher Finger

R
Power
measurements of
neighbouring BS

 Simplified Block Diagram of the RAKE

Receiver

cos c t

Modulation
Complexvalued
chip
sequence
from
spreading
operations

Re(S)

Split real
&
S
Image
Parts Im(S)

sin c t

UL
HSUPA
BPS
K

4PA
M

DC
H
BPS
K

Logical, Transport & Physical

Channels

gical, Transport & Physical Channels

Definition of Channels
Logical Channel
Type of
information to
be transmitted
e.g., traffic or
control logical
channels.

Transport
Channel

Physical Channel

How and with

what format
data is
transmitted
through
physical links.

Unit of radio
resource of a
radio system
e.g., frequency
band, time slot,
code, etc.

The MAC sub-layer is responsible for

mapping
logical
transport channels.

channels

onto

The physical layer is responsible for

mapping
transport
physical channels.

channels

onto

ogical Channels in UL and DL

DL
Abb
r.

Channels Name

BCC
H

Broadcast Control
Channel

PCC
H

Paging Control Channel

CCC
H

Common Control
Channel

DCC
H

5
6

UL
Abb
r.

Channels Name

CCC
H

Common Control
Channel

Dedicated Control
Channel

DCC
H

Dedicated Control
Channel

DTC
H

Dedicated Traffic
Channel

DTC
H

Dedicated Traffic
Channel

CTC
H

Common Traffic Channel

Mapping of Transport Channels onto Phy.

Channels Transport
DCH
RACH
Channels

Physical
channels

Transport
Channels

BCH

DPCCH
DPDCH

FACH

PRACH

PCH

Physical P-SCH S-SCH

S-CCPCH
channels CPICH
P-CCPCH

AICH

DCH

PICH
DPDCH

ransport Channels [2]

Dedicated Transport Channel
1. DCH Dedicated Channel
. Downlink/uplink Transport channel
. A point-to-point channel allocated to a specific
user
. Carries information intended for the given user
including data and higher layer control
information
. Characterised by features such as
fast power control
fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame
basis

Transport Channels [3]

Common Transport Channels
1. BCH Broadcast Channel
. It is a downlink channel
. Used to broadcast system and cell-specific
information over the entire cell
. The terminal cannot register to the cell without the
possibility of decoding the broadcast channel
transmit with relatively high power
low and fixed data rate

ransport Channels [4]

2. FACH Forward Access Channel
It is a downlink channel
Used to carry control information to a mobile
station when the system knows the location cell
of the mobile station
May also carry short user packets
3. PCH - Paging Channel
It is a downlink channel
Used to carry control information to a mobile
station when the system does not know the
location cell of the mobile station
It is used to inform the mobile station of incoming

Transport Channels
[5]
4. RACH Random Access Channel

It is an uplink channel
Used to carry control information
It is used for initiating a call (initial access to the serving
BS)
It may also carry short user packets
must be heard from the whole desired cell coverage area

Uplink Physical Channels [1]

Uplink Physical channels

Dedicated Physical Channels

Common Physical
Channels

Physical Random Access

Channel
(PRACH)

Dedicated Physical
Control Channel
(Uplink DPCCH))

Dedicated Physical
Data Channels
(Uplink DPDCH)

PRACH

mmon Uplink Physical Channel [1]

1. PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
. It is used to carry RACH
. Its transmission is based on Slotted ALOHA
approach with fast acquisition indication
. A UE can start the transmission at a number of
well-defined time-slots called access slots
. Consist of one or several preambles of length
4096 chips and a message of length 10 or 20 ms

PRACH

mmon Uplink Physical Channel [2]

5120
Chips

Radio frame:
10ms

# # # #
0 1 2 3

#
4

#
5

#
6

Radio frame:
10ms
#
7

#
8

#
9

#1 #1 #1 #1 #1
0 1 2 3 4

Access Slot Random Access Transmission

#0
Access
#1
Access
#7
Access
#8
Access
#14

Slot
Slot
Slot

Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission
Random Access Transmission

Slot
RACH access slot numbers and their spacing

PRACH

ommon Uplink Physical Channel [3]

P0

P1

Pj

Message Part

4096 chips

N *10 msec (N 1,2)

Access Preamble
Control Part
Data Part

Structure of the random access transmission

Uplink Physical Channels [2]

DPDCH
&
DPCCH

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channel

1. DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
. Used to carry dedicated data i.e. the dedicated transport channel
(DCH)
. There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs
2. DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
. Used to carry control information consists of:
pilot bits to support channel estimation
transmit power-control (TPC) commands
feedback information (FBI)
an optional transport-format combination indicator (TFCI)
ONE
. One DPCCH and
up to six parallel DPDCHs can be

transmitted

simultaneously

Uplink Physical Channels [3]

Slot
#0

Slot
#1

Slot #
i

1 Radio Frame: Tf= 10ms

K determines the number of bits per uplink DPDCH/DPCCH slot

spreading factor SF:
SF = 256/2k
DPDCH spreading factor may thus range from 256 down to 4

Slot
#14

DPDCH
&
DPCCH

Uplink Physical Channels [4]

DPDCH
&
DPCCH

Uplink Channelization Codes

DPDCH
&
DPCCH

Spreading for uplink DPCCH and DPDCH

Slong, n or
Sshort,n

I
DPDCH

I+jQ

Q
DPCCH
DPDCH Cch,SF,k
DPCCH Cch,256,0

(k = SF/4)

Downlink Physical
Channels [1]

Dedicated Physical Channel (Downlink DPCH)

time multiplex of a downlink DPDCH and a downlink DPCCH
Common Physical
Channels

Synchronisation
Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH)
Primary Common Control Channel
(P-SCH & S-SCH )
Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control
Physical Channel
(S-CCPCH)

Page Indication
Channel
(PICH)

Acquisition Indication
Channel
(AICH)

Downlink Physical
Channels [2]
Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels
1. DPCH - Dedicated Physical Channel
. Time multiplexing of the DPDCH and DPCCH is used in the
downlink.
. spreading factor SF:
SF = 512/2k
. In the downlink the spreading factors range from 4 to 512,
with some restrictions on the use of spreading factor 512 in
the case of soft handover.
. The downlink DPDCH consists of QPSK symbols. Each
symbol consists of two bits while in the case of uplink the
DPDCH consists of BPSK symbol (one symbol corresponds
to one bit).

Downlink Physical Channels [3]

DPCC
H
TFCI
NTFCI
bits

Slot
#0

DPDC
H
Data
Ndata1
bits

Slot
#1

DPCC
H

DPDC
H

TPC
NTpc
bits

Data 2
Ndata 2 bits

Slot #i
1 Radio Frame Tf= 10ms

Frame structure for downlink DPCH

DPCC
H
Pilot
Npilot
bits

Slot
#14

Downlink Physical Channels [5]

SF

Channel Bit
Rate ( ksps)

Channel Bit
Rate
(kbps)

256

15

30

128

30

60

64

60

120

32

120

240

16

240

480

480

960

960

1920

QPSK
modulati
on

mmon Downlink Physical Channels [1]

1. CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
. It is a fixed rate channel carries a pre-defined bit/symbol
sequence
. Aids in channel estimation to the terminal
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20 bits = 10
symbols

Slot # Slot #
0
1

Slot#
i

Slot
#14

1 radio frame : Tf =
10 ms
Primary CPICH
Same channelization code always used
Scrambled using primary scrambling
code
One per cell
Broadcast over entire cell

mmon Downlink Physical Channels [3]

2. P-CCPCH - Primary Common Control Physical Channel

Used to carry BCH

SF=256
P-CCPCH is not transmitted during first 256 chips
256 chips

(Tx
OFF)

Data 18 Bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20
bits

Slot # Slot #
0
1

Slot#
i

Slot
#14

1 radio frame : Tf =
10 ms
Frame structure for Primary Common Control Physical Channel

ommon Downlink Physical Channels [4]

3. S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
. Used to carry FACH and PCH
. SF = 256/2K
. FACH and PCH can be mapped to same secondary CCPCH
. Primary CCPCH has fixed pre-defined rate while secondary
CCPCH has variable rate
. Primary CCPCH is continuously transmitted over entire cell
while secondary CCPCH is only transmitted only when
there is data available
4. P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel

5.

Carries a unique code (Primary Synchronization Code PSC)

which is used in all UMTS cells around the world.

S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel

Carries a sequence of 15 secondary synchronization codes

which depends on the Scrambling Code Group of the cell.

mmon Downlink Physical Channels [6]

6. AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel
. Used to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI) in response to
PRACH Preamble
7. PICH Page Indicator Channel
. Used to carry Page Indicator (PI)
. PICH is always associated with a S-CCPCH to which PCH is
mapped

Cell Search and Initial Access

The initial Cell Search is carried out in three steps:
Step 1: Slot synchronisation - using the primary synchronisation channel.
Step 2: Frame synchronisation and code-group identification using the
secondary synchronisation channel.
Step 3: Scrambling-code identification-identified through symbol-bysymbol correlation over the primary CCPCH with all the scrambling
codes within the code group.

,k

Structure of Primary and Secondary

Synchronisation Channels (SCH)
Slot #0
Primary
SCH

Secondary
SCH

Slot #1

Slot #14

acp

acp

acp

acsi,0

acsi,1

acsi,14

256 Chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame

Primary Synchronisation Code ( It is the same for every cell in the system)

Secondary Synchronisation Codes ( Where i=0,1.63 is the number of the scramb

code group, and k= 0,1,14 is the slot number. Each code is chosen from a set of
16 different codes of length 256).

Find Out the SC group #

Fast Cell
Search

Only 64 possibilities

Using S-SCH

Find the Exact SC of cell

Only 8 Possibilities

Using P-CPICH

Initial Cell Search

scrambling
code group

slot number
0

10

11

12

13

14

group 00

10

15

10

16

15

16

group 01

16

14

16

10

12

14

12

10

group 02

15

12

16

11

16

11

15

12

group 03

group 04

16

11

15

12

15

12

16

11

group 05

group 62

11

12

15

12

13

13

11

14

10

16

15

14

16

group 63

12

10

15

13

14

14

15

11

11

13

12

16

10

I monitor
the S-SCH

11

15

Power Control

Power Control [1]

3. Open loop power control
The open loop power control is used to adjusts the

Physical Random
Access Channel.
transmit power of the

Power Control [2]

Downlink Power control
1. Inner loop power control
The downlink inner loop power control adjusts the base
station transmit power in order to keep the received
downlink SIR at a given SIR target.
2. Outer loop
The outer loop adjusts the SIR target used by the inner
loop power control. The SIR target is independently adjusted
for each connection based on the estimated quality of
the connection.
Typically a combination of estimated bit error rate and frame
error rate is used for the quality estimate.

Power Control [3]

Uplink Power control
1. Inner loop power control
The uplink inner loop power control adjusts the
MS transmit in order to keep the received uplink
SIR
a given SIR target.
Keep at
Received
Power Level P1 and
P2 Equal

P
1
P2

Power Control
Commands to the
mobiles

RNC

UE
2

UE
1

Power Control [4]

Power Control [5]

2. Outer loop
The outer loop adjusts the SIR target used by the inner
loop power control. The SIR target is independently
adjusted for each connection based on the estimated
quality of the connection.

RNC

Frame
Reliability
info

SIR
target

SIR Target
Adjustments
Commands

Outer Loop
Power Control
If quality<target.
Increase SIR Target

UE
BS Fast Power Control
If SIR < SIR Target. Send
*Power Up* Command

Mobile
stand still

Time

Mobility & Handover

Handovers [1]
1. Intra-frequency HO

Soft
Softer
Hard

2. Inter-frequency HO

Hard

3. Inter System HO

Hard

Handover Types
Soft Handover
In DCH mode, MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell

Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) Handover

CS Handover from a WCDMA system to another system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected (hard handover)

Inter-frequency Handover (IFHO)

When the MS must change WCDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected (hard handover)

Inter-RAT Cell Change

Manages PS UE mobility between cells using WCDMA RAN and cells using GSM/GPRS

Cell Reselection
Manages UE mobility between WCDMA cells with same frequency, different frequency and
between WCDMA cells and GSM/GPRS cells, when the UE is in idle mode or CELL_FACH state

WCDMA Handover Scenarios

Core Network
Iu

Iu

RNS

RNS
Iur

RNC
Iub

Iub
Node B

UTRAN

Iub
Node B

Node B

Inter-Node
(Soft)

RNC

Inter-RNS
(Soft with Iur;
Hard with no Iur)

Iub
Node B

Intra-Node
(Softer)

Handover

Soft Handover Key Points

When fast power control is used, soft
handover is essential
Allows MS to operate in most conservative
power control mode

Soft handover provides performance

benefits
Seamless coverage at cell fringes
Handover may be less noticeable to the user

Soft handover also degrades system

capacity
Uses redundant physical layer resources
from adjacent or overlapping cells

Handover

WCDMA With and Without SHO

UE responding to BS1
power control bits

UE responding to BS2
power control bits

BS1 Receive Power Target

time

BS2 Receive Power Target

time
Trouble zone: Prior to Hard Handover,
the MS causes excessive interference to BS2

Handover

Measurement Handling

Measurement
Report with EVENT

Measurement
Control
Message

RNC
Measurement
Handling
List of cells to measure
on
Measurement criteria

Active set (SHO)

Monitored set (cells measured by UE but
which does not belong to active set
(Intra/Inter frequency and Inter-RAT
frequencies)

Handover

Measurement Reporting
f1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

f1

f2

Measure
Filter
Apply quality offsets to cells individualOffset
Compare with measurement criterion
Send measurement report with EVENT (if occurred)

Handover

WCDMA Soft Handover Process

Monitor Neighbor BS Pilots

Add Destination BS

Drop Originating BS

One finger of the RAKE receiver is constantly

scanning neighboring Pilot Channels.
When a neighboring Pilot Channel reaches the
t_add threshold, the new BS is added to the active
set
When the original Base Station reaches the t_drop
threshold, originating Base Station is dropped from
the active set

Soft Handover
Add/Drop/Replace

Handover

Soft Handover Measurement and Decision

t

EC / N0

Cell 1
T_REPLACE
T_DROP
T_ADD

Cell 2

Cell 3

time
Cell 1
Connected

Add Cell 2

Replace Cell 1
with Cell 3

Drop Cell 3

Handover

Event 1a, Primary CPICH enters Reporting Range

Event cause:
Radio Link addition /
replacement due to
measurements related to
best cell in Active Set

reportingRange1a
hysteresis1a
timeToTrigger1a
Event 1a and 1b
UE sends Measurement Report message for EVENT 1a and the cell is added
to AS. If AS is full maxActiveSet, the cell will replace the worst cell in the
current AS, provided the reported cell has better quality

Handover

Event 1b, Primary CPICH leaves Reporting Range

Event cause:
Radio Link removal from
due to measurements
related to best cell in Active
Set

reportingRange1b
hysteresis1b
timeToTrigger1b
Event 1a and 1b
UE sends Measurement Report message for EVENT 1b and the cell is
removed from the AS (one cell is always kept in AS to maintain connection).

Handover
Event 1c, non-active Primary CPICH becomes better than active Primary CPICH

Event cause:
Radio Link substitution due
to measurements related to
least good cell in AS while
the AS is full
hysteresis1c
timeToTrigger1c

Event 1c
UE sends Measurement Report message for EVENT 1c and the cell replaces
the least good cell in the AS.

Handover

Event 1d, Change of Best Cell

Event cause:
ANY cell (AS or monitored)
becomes better than the
current best cell in the AS.

hysteresis1d
timeToTrigger1d

Event 1d
UE sends Measurement Report message for EVENT 1d. If the cell already
belongs to AS, no action is taken by RNC. Else, the cell will be added to the
AS, and if the AS is full, the least good cell will be replaced.

Handover

Signaling Flow in SHO

Measurement
Control

(BCCH/DCCH)
SRNC
SRNC

Perform
Measurement
UE Evaluation
Measurement Report

(DCCH)
RNC
Evaluation

Executi
Active Set Update (DCCH) on
Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace

Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace

Active Set Update Complete(DCCH)

Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace
RNC
Evaluation
Measurement Control (DCCH)

Handover

Compressed Mode
The physical channel is reconfigured to create
transmission and reception gaps.
UE then tunes to other frequencies (GSM) to conduct
measurements
Signaling required to prepare for the measurements
Additional UE and network processing load

Recommendation:

Minimise time in compressed mode

Avoid going in and out of compressed mode

Data compression can be

accomplished by:

Decreasing the
Spreading Factor
by 2:1
Increases Data
Rate so bits get
through twice
as fast!

Puncturing bits
weakens FEC
coding

Higher layer
scheduling
Reduces
available
timeslots for
user traffic

Compressed Mode

Idle period available for

interfrequency measurement
Instantaneous
Rate/Power

Tf
Normal transmission

Slotted transmission

Downlink slotted transmission

Compressed Mode
Using slotted downlink transmission mode, a singlereceiver mobile station can carry out measurements on
other frequencies without affecting its normal data flow.
The information normally transmitted during a 10ms
frame is compressed in time, either by code puncturing
or by reducing the spreading factor by a factor of 2.
As a result, an idle time period of 5ms is created within
each frame. During this time, the MS receiver is idle and
can be used for inter-frequency measurements.

Compressed Mode (for IFHO

and ISHO)
HO
HOTriggering
TriggeringThresholds
Thresholdsset
setin
inRNC
RNC
Event
EventTriggered
TriggeredHO
HO
reasons
fulfilled
in
reasons fulfilled inRNC
RNC
RNC
RNCcommands
commandsselected
selectedUE(s)
UE(s)to
tostart
start
IF/IS
measurements
IF/IS measurements
Measurements
Measurementsare
aredone
donein
in
Compressed
Mode
(CM)
Compressed Mode (CM)
UEreports
reportsbest
bestUMTS
UMTScells
cells
UE
(Ec/Io;RSCP)
RSCP)to
toRNC
RNC
(Ec/Io;

Steps during
Inter Frequency
Handover
and
Inter-system
Handovers

UE
UEreports
reportsbest
bestGSM
GSMcells
cells(RSSI)
(RSSI)to
toRNC
RNC
BSIC
BSICverification
verificationfor
forGSM
GSMcells
cells
RNC
RNCmakes
makesHO
HOdecision
decisionand
and
commands
UE
to
target
cellv
commands UE to target cellv

Both
BothIFHO
IFHOand
andISHO
ISHO
Only
Onlyin
inISHO
ISHO

High Speed Downlink Packet

Access
(HSDPA)

Introduction
In order to meet the increasing demand for high datarate multimedia services, the 3 rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) has released a new high-speed data
transfer feature named High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA).
It offers peak data rates of up to 14 Mbps, resulting in a
better
end-user
experience
for
downlink
data
applications, with shorter connection and response
times.
HSDPA improves the use of streaming applications and
Web browsing applications.

Key Features
HSDPA can be seen as an
extension of the DSCH with new
features such as:
Short
physical
layer frames

Adaptive
Modulation
and Coding
(AMC)

Fast HybridARQ

Fast
scheduling

Fixed SF =16

HSDPA Operation

New Channel Structure

1. HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared
Channel
.
.
.
.
.

It is the primary radio bearer

HS-DSCH can be shared between users in the
time domain
Transmission Time Interval consists of three time
slots (2ms) to shorten round trip delays
Constant spreading factor of 16
Maximum of 15 parallel codes allocated

2. HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel

. Carry download signaling information in the downlink
direction
. Transmitted before each scheduled TTI
. Has a duration of 3 time slots

Multiple HS-SCCH can be configured to support parallel

HS-DSCH transmissions

A UE can be allocated a maximum of 4 HS-SCCH

UE-ID (H-RNTI)

Channelization
Code Set

Modulation
Scheme

TB Size

Redundancy
Version

HARQ Process
Indicator

Downlink DCH
(DPCCH/DPDCH)
1 Slot

HS-SCCH

Part 1

Part 2
Codes
to
receive

HS-DSCH

1 Slot

Figure : HS-SCCH and HS-DSCH timing relationship

3. HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical

Control Channel
.
.

.
.
.

Carry ACK/NACK information and link quality

information in the uplink direction
This information is used by Node B scheduler to
determine the destination terminal and
transmission data rates to be used
Consist of two parts:
CQI
(N) ACK
Part I: ACK/NACK transmission
Part II: Downlink Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
to indicate;
estimated transport block size
modulation type
number of parallel codes

Summary of HSDPA
Channels

HS-DPCCH: CQI
HS-SCCH: DL Transfer
Information
HS-DSCH: Data
Transfer
HS-DPCCH: ACK /
NACK

Figure: HSDPA Channel operation

UE

Adaptive
Modulation
and Coding
(AMC)

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Continuously optimizing
the code rate
modulation scheme
16 QAM
QPSK
number of codes employed
transmit power
QPSK and 16 QAM
Code rates: to
Based on channel quality reported on CQI
Users experiencing favorable channel conditions will be
allocated higher data rates
A single user can receive up to 10.8 Mbps peak data rates
Maximum data rate specified in HSDPA is 14.4 Mbps

Adaptive
Modulation
and Coding
(AMC)

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Modulation coding

Data rate

Data rate

Data rate

rate

(1 code)

(5 codes)

(15 codes)

QPSK 1/4

120kbps

600kbps

1.8Mbps

QPSK 1/2

240kbps

1.2Mbps

3.6Mbps

QPSK 3/4

360kbps

1.8Mbps

5.4Mbps

16QAM 1/2

480kbps

2.4Mbps

7.2Mbps

16QAM 3/4

720kbps

3.6Mbps

10.8Mbps

Fast HybridARQ

Hybrid ARQ

F
Advantage: improve transferring reliability
Disadvantage: lower utilization in bad
E
channel state
Advantage: good performance in
lower Bit Error Rate (BER)
Disadvantage: bad performance in
high BER

Packet
A

Send
Discard

Resend
whole packet
Re

Combine FEC and ARQ, each

sending packet includes error
detection bit and error correction bit

Receive

Send

ent
em
r
i
equ
dr
n
e
s

Packet
A

Packet
B

C
A
R
Q

H
A
R
Q

ket
P ac

irm
onf
c
A

Error packet A

Lower efficiency
Longer time delay

Packet A

HARQ phase I
Resending is in RNC R99

Receive

Packet
A

Reserve
Resend data
Packet A
missing
data

dr
sen
e
R

ir
equ

ent
em

Higher efficiency
Shorter time delay

Packet B

k
P ac

firm
con
A
et

Error packet A

Packet A
missing
data

Soft
combination

HARQ phase II, III

Resending is in Node B, HSDPA

Hybrid ARQ

Fast HybridARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat request

Stop and Wait (SAW) protocol
HARQ allows the UE to request retransmission
HARQ is implemented at MAC-hs (Media Access
Control high speed) terminated at Node B
With HARQ UE does not discard the erroneous
energy
UE
stores
it
and
later
combines
with
retransmission (Soft Combining)
Chase Combining

Incremental Redundancy

Retransmitting same
information

Different redundancy
information can be send
during re-transmission

Fast Packet Scheduling (1)

1.

Fast
scheduling

the scheduler is located at the Node B as opposed to the RNC

this enables the scheduler to quickly track the UE channel condition and
adapt the data rate allocation accordingly
Several algorithms can be used for the scheduler such as:
Round Robin (RR)
. a first-in first-out approach
. provides a high degree of fairness
. users can be served even when they are experiencing weak signal
lowering the overall system throughput

Fast Packet
Scheduling (2)

Fast
scheduling

2. Maximum Carrier to Interference (C/I)

. schedules users with the highest C/I during the
current TTI
. highest system throughput
. no effort to maintain any kind of fairness
3. Proportional Fair
. Good trade-off between RR and maximum C/I
. schedules users according to the ratio between
their instantaneous achievable data rate and their
average served data rate

Physical Layer Procedures

STEP I: Scheduler at Node B evaluates for different users:
the channel conditions
Pending data in buffer
Time elapsed since last served
Pending retransmissions
STEP II: Once a terminal is selected, Node B checks for:
The available codes
Type of modulation can be used
Terminal capability limitations
STEP III: Node B starts to transmit HS-SCCH two slots before HS-DSCH TTI
STEP IV: MS monitors HS-SCCH and decodes Part I and Part II of HS-SCCH
STEP V: MS then use this buffered information to decode HS-DSCH
STEP VI: Upon detecting this combined data, MS send ACK/NACK in the
uplink direction depending on the CRC results

Uplink
transmission

Downlink
transmission
HS-

HS-DPCCH (ACK / NACK +

Feedback )

CRC result

HSSCCH

SCCH
HSDSCH

7.5 slots
(approx)

N Slots

Figure: Terminal timing with respect to one HARQ process

HSDPA device categories

CQI Table (for category 1 to 6)

CQI value
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Transport
Block Size
N/A
137
173
233
317
377
461
650
792
931
1262
1483
1742
2279
2583
3319
3565
4189
4664
5287
5887
6554
7168
7168
7168
7168
7168
7168
7168
7168
7168

Reference power
Number of
Modulation
HS-PDSCH
adjustment
Out of range
0
1
QPSK
0
1
QPSK
0
1
QPSK
0
1
QPSK
0
1
QPSK
0
1
QPSK
0
2
QPSK
0
2
QPSK
0
2
QPSK
0
3
QPSK
0
3
QPSK
0
3
QPSK
0
4
QPSK
0
4
QPSK
0
5
QPSK
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
0
5
16-QAM
-1
5
16-QAM
-2
5
16-QAM
-3
5
16-QAM
-4
5
16-QAM
-5
5
16-QAM
-6
5
16-QAM
-7
5
16-QAM
-8
5
16-QAM

NIR

XRV

9600

CQI Table (for category 11 & 12)

CQI value
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Transport Block Number of

Size
HS-PDSCH
N/A
137
1
173
1
233
1
317
1
377
1
461
1
650
2
792
2
931
2
1262
3
1483
3
1742
3
2279
4
2583
4
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5
3319
5

Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK

Reference power
adjustment
Out of range
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15

NIR

XRV

4800

HSDPA Protocols

Mobility
UTRAN determines the serving HS-DSCH cell for an HSDPAcapable UE
A new measurement event is defined
measurement basically reports the best serving HS-DSCH cell
to the serving RNC based on a measurement of the P-CPICH
Ec/I0
serving RNC sends a synchronised radio link reconfiguration
prepare message to the Node B
At a specified time index, the source cell stops transmitting to
the user
MAC-hs packet scheduler in the target cell is thereafter allowed
to control transmission to the user
PDUs for the user are moved from the MAC-hs in the source cell
to the MAC-hs in the target cell during the HS-DSCH handover

High Speed Uplink Packet

Access
(HSUPA)

Key Features
Fast HARQ terminated at Node B
Fast Node B based uplink scheduling
Higher order modulation

Fast Hybrid ARQ

Fast HARQ is to allow the Node B to ask for the UE to retransmit the
uplink packet if it was not received correctly
One Node B received a packet correctly but other didnt.
Due to limited UE power the UE may not be able to transmit at the
same data rate incase of retransmission
Uplink E-DCH

Rel 99 Uplink DCH

RN
C
Packet

Correctly
Received Packet

RN

RLC
ACK/NACK

Node
B

Combining of
Packets
C

Node
B

Retransmission

Packet
Retransmiss
ion

UE

L1 ACK/NACK

UE

Fast Packet Scheduling

The uplink scheduling is Node B based

Node B gives UE a set of data rates based on uplink load measurements

Rel 99 Uplink
DCH
RN
Traffic
Cvolume
measurement

Uplink E-DCH

TFC
Control

Node
B
Data
transmissi
on

UE

RN
C
Node
B

Data
transmissi
on

Scheduling
info

Schedulin
g
Assignme
nt

UE

HSUPA device categories

Physical Channels
1. E-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data
Channel
. used to carry the E-DCH user data
. There may be zero, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link
. SF = 256 , 128, 64 , 32 , 16 , 8 , 4, 2
2. E-DPCCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control
Channel
. used to transmit control information associated with the
E-DCH
. There is at most one E-DPCCH on each radio link
. E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH are always transmitted
simultaneously

EDPDCH

Data Ndata bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k =
0...7)

EDPCCH

10 Bits

Tslot = 2560 chips

Data

Slot
#0

Slot
#1

Slot
#2

Slot #
i

1 Sub frame = 2 ms

Contr
ol

Message part Radio Frame TRACH Tf

= 10ms

E-DPDCH Frame Structure

Slot
#14

3. E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel

. It is a fixed rate (SF=128) dedicated downlink physical channel
. Indicates to the UE whether to increase, decrease or keep
unchanged the transmit power level of the E-DCH
. UP , DOWN or HOLD commands
4. E-HICH - E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
. It is a fixed rate (SF=128) dedicated downlink physical channel
. carry the uplink E-DCH hybrid ARQ acknowledgement indicator
5. E-AGCH - EDCH Absolute Grant Channel
. It is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channel
. Provides an absolute power level above the level for the
DPDCH (associated with a DCH) that the UE should adopt

E-DPCCH

HAR
Q
Uplink
Scheduling
C-Plane

E-DPDCH

U-Plane

E-HICH
E-RGCH, EAGCH

UE

Figure: New physical channels introduced by HSUPA

HSUPA Protocols

Comparing HSDPA and HSUPA

Feature

HSDPA

HSUPA

Peak Data Rate

14.4 Mbps

5.6 Mbps

Modulation Scheme (s)

QPSK, 16QAM

QPSK

TTI

2ms

2ms (optional) / 10ms

Transport Channel Type

Shared

Dedicated

Adaptive Modulation and

Coding (AMC)

Yes

No

HARQ

HARQ with incremental

redundancy; Feedback in
HS-DPCCH

HARQ with incremental

redundancy; Feedback in
dedicated physical channel
( E-HICH)

Packet Scheduling

Downlink Scheduling
(for capacity allocation)

Uplink Scheduling
(for power control )

Soft Handover Support ( UPlane)

No
(in the Downlink

Yes