Thestudyofpathologyandthestudyofpathophysiologyofteninvolvessubstantial

overlapindiseasesandprocesses,butpathologyemphasizesdirectobservations,while
pathophysiologyemphasizesquantifiablemeasurements.Whensomethingdisrupts
normalphysiologicalprocesses,itenterstherealmofpathophysiology.
Pathophysiologyisarequiredareaofstudyfornearlyallhealthcareprofessional
schoolprograms(medical,dental,physicianassistant,nursepractitioner,pharmacy,
nursingandparamedicprograms)intheUnitedStatesandothercountries.
Pathologydiseasedcondition,somethingisnotworkingproperly
Homeostasisinternalbalanceofthebody.Physiologicalrange.Normallythe
temperatureofthebodyis36.937.1degreesCelsius.Ifthepersonhasafever,the
bodyisgoingtosweat,doeseverythingtobringthebodybacktonormal.Ifsomeone
hasastrepthroat,thenphysiologycannotadjusthomeostatis.Itgoesbeyndthe
physiologicalrange,itbecomespathology.Fearisanormalreaction,itiswithinthe

Themostabundantmaterialwecanfindinourbodyiswater,roughly60%ofthebody
weightiscomposedoffluid.18%isprotein,7%aretheminerals,therestisfat.
IcFintracellularflow(insidethecell),2/3ofourbodyweight(40%)
EdFextracellularfluid20%ofourbodyweightor1/3
EcFcompriseofplasmaandinterstititualmatrix.Thecellsarefloatinginafluid,IcF.
IfyouaddupallthefluidbetweenIcFandplasma,youwillgetEcF
Plasmacanalsouseintravascularvolume.(insidethevesselsbloodisalsoindirect
indicatorofEcF).WholebloodisWRC,RBC,platelat,positive
Serumisdifferentfromplasmacoalitionfactor
EcFthinkofamountoftheblood(liquidportionofit,nottheentireblood)
LiquidavailableintheinterstitialtissuegivesyouEcF(extracellularfluid)

Thedistributionoftheseionsmaintainsthehomeostatisfeedbacksystem
Ifthetemperaturegoesup,

NegativeFeedback:
HypothalamusreleasesTRH(thyroidreleasinghormone,itaffectshypophysisor
pituitarygland,pituitaryglandwillreleaseTSH(thyroidstimulatinghomrone),TSH
affectsthyroidgland,thyroidglandreleasesT3T4(Hyproxin)willsendthesignalto
hypothalamus,hypothalamuswillreleaseTRH,TSHgoesdown,T3andT4goup
Hypothyroidismsignaltohypothalamus,increaseTRH,TSH,stimulatesmoreT3
andT4.theendorgancouldbeanything(gonadotropinreleasinghormonereleases
LHFSH>ovaries>estrogen>progesterone

8590%ourbodyusesnegativefeedback.Therestispositivefeedback.Coagulation
whenbodyusespositivefeedback,laborcontractions(oxytosin)itpotentiatethe
contractions.Whenyougivethewomanwomaninlabor(havingcontractions)pitocin,
thefrequencyandintensityofcontractionsincrease
Pitocinisasyntheticfromofoxytosin.Itincreasestheflowofmilkinmammalglands
Prolactinproductionofthemilk,affectsglandstoproduc
emilk,sucklingsendssignaltohypothalamus,oxytocinisresponsiblefortheflowof
themilk
GranulesinthekidneysareverysensitivetochangesinBP.LowBPkidneys

22yroldmaleloses3Lofsweatduringtherace(90%F),drinks3Lofwater,changes
weexpectinnormalafterabsorptionofwater,IcFvolume,IcFosmolarityandEcF
volumeandEcFosmolarity.TheIcFosmolaritygoesdown,whenyousweatyoulose
sodiumandwater.IcFvolumegoesup.Thenpatientdrinks3Lofwater,watergets
reabsorbedinthecells,waterisgoingtoswitch,EcFgoesdown,osmolaritygoes
downaswell

Amoleculeofwaterispolarbecauseoftheunequalsharingofitselectronsbyoxygen
andhydrogen.Polarityreferstoaseparationofelectricchargeleadingtoamolecule
havinganelectricdipole.Polarmoleculescanbondtogetherduetodipole.Polarity
underliesanumberofphysicalpropertiesincludingsurfacetension,solubility,and
meltingandboilingpoints.

Anionisanatomormoleculewherethetotalnumberofelectronsisnotequaltothe
totalnumberofprotons,givingitanetpositiveornegativeelectricalcharge.