COMMUNICATION MODEL

The way we
Communicate

What is Communication?

The process of
sending and
reviewing
messages to
share meanings.

Elements of the Model

Sender

- Speaker
Receiver - Listener
Messages
Feedback
Encoding
Decoding
Interference

Two kinds of Messages

Verbal

using words
volume
tone

Non-Verbal

appearance
gestures
body
movement
eye contact
spatial relations

What is Feedback?
Reaction

of the
receiver to the
senders
message.
Tells the sender
how to send the
next message.

Encoding
How

the sender decides

to send the messages
based on PREDICTIONS
or prior knowledge
about the receiver

Decoding
Applying

meaning and
understanding the
message that has been
sent

Interference
External

outside influences that affect

communication
noisy room; airplane overhead
Internal

inside influences that affect communication

prejudices; anxiety; worry

Channels of
Communication
Channels

are the senses

you use in communication

Hear
See
Touch

Levels of Information
(Encoding = Predicting
reactions)
Cultural

- Little info. About receiver

Sociological

- Some general info.

About the receiver.

Individual

- Personal knowledge of
the receiver.

Purposes of
Communication
General

Social
Contact
Self-Esteem
Gain & Share
knowledge

Specific

Exchange Info.
Exerting Control
Following Social
rules
Sharing Feelings

What is Perception?
Process

of filtering
and interpreting
what your senses
tell you so you can
create a meaningful
picture of the world.

Steps in Perception
Something

senses

affects the

see, hear, taste, smell, touch

interpret

the sensation (give

meaning to it)

Differences in Perception
come from:
Physical

Differences

Past

Experiences;
background

Differences in perception
come from:
Present

feelings;
circumstances

Differences

using
information

in

Differences in Perception
come from:
Differences

in
expectatio
ns

Verbal Communication
Uses

words: symbols that represent

things but are not the things
themselves.

Why

language changes: the world

is changing. New ideas and
inventions need words to describe
them.

Meanings of Words
Denotative

Meaning---definition
found in the dictionary

Connotative

Meaning---everyday
meaning; emotional or personal
response to a word

Kinds of Language
Technical--area

specific language;

mechanic
Regional---specific to geographic area;
soda vs. pop
Slang---phat
Cultural--specific to particular religious
or ethnic group; barmitzvah

Verbal Strategies that

affect communication
Exclude
Include
Put

Down
Build Up
Reveal Self
Conceal Self

All

of these
verbal
strategies are
similar to the
nonverbal
strategies

Nonverbal Communication
Sending

and Receiving
messages without the use of
words. Involves:
appearance, gestures,
posture, eye contact, facial
expressions, spatial relations,
and time.

Most communication is
NONVERBAL
7%

38%
55%

Facial
Expressions
Verbal
Expression
Vocal
Expression

Nonverbal Communication
Intentional

Accidental

nonverbal
using
messages sent that
nonverbal
the sender is
techniques to unaware of but still
support
communicate a
message. Can
verbal
contradict verbals
message(s)

Never say
anything that
cannot improve
upon silence

Vocal Cues as
Nonverbals
Pitch---the

highness or lowness of

voice
Rate---how slowly or quickly a person
talks
Volume---loudness or softness of voice
Quality---sound of the voice

Nonverbals Can:
Repeat
support
contradict
replace
regulate

Spatial Relations
Intimate

space---up to 1 1/2 feet; hugging,

telling secrets
Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet
conversation
Social space---4 to 12 feet; group
discussions
Public space---over 12 feet; calling or
waving

Listening
Accurate
Receiving

Hearing vs. Listening

Hearing

physical
ability to
pick up
sound
waves.

Listening

-4

steps
hear
interpret
understand
recall

Barriers to Listening
Internal

Distractions
External Distractions
Personal Biases
Conflicting Demands

Active Listening:
Stay Tuned In

Most people
would rather
TALK than LISTEN

 We

understand 450 words

per minute!
We speak only 175 words
per minute.
How can we stay focused
during the wasted time?

Staying Tuned in: Active

Listening
Read

nonverbals

Avoid

distractions

Staying Tuned In: Active

Listening
Apply

the
ideas to
yourself
Paraphrase
Know your
effect on the
sender

You can never NOT

communicate

Self-Concept
Beliefs

about who you are

based on perceptions,
expectations, and others
reactions
Formed early in life
Static---Hard to change

Self Concept and SelfEfficacy

Those

with poor selfconcept will complete tasks

that are too EASY or too
HARD
Self-efficacy is your belief
on what you can do

What you need to know

for the test!!!