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MANAGEMENT
Handoff
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Handof
Three issues need to be considered
for handof management
1.Handof Detection
2. Strategies for Handof Detection
3.Channel Assignment
Outline
Handof Detection
Who initiates the handof process?
How is the need for handof detected?
Channel Assignment
Nonprioritized Scheme
Queuing Priority Scheme
Subrating Scheme
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1.Handoff Detection
To initiate a handof:
Who initiates the handof process?
How is the need for handof detected?
Mobile-Controlled Handoff
(MCHO)
MCHO is employed by lower-tier DECT and PACS.
The MS continuously monitors the signal of the
surrounding BSs
When some handof criteria are met, the MS checks
the best candidate BS for an available traffic
channel and launches a handoff request
Combines ALT and TST are used in MCHO
Automatic link transfer (ALT)
Handof between two BSs
Quality maintenance
process
Measurement
process
yes
no
Link-quality
acceptable?
Select new
channel or
time slot
Execute
ALT or TST
Network-Controlled Handoff
(NCHO)
NCHO is employed by the lower tier CT-2 plus
and high-tier AMPS
The network (MSC) asks all surrounding BSs to
measure the signal (RSSI) from the MS and report
the measurement results back the network.
Then the network chooses a new BS for the
handof and inform the MS (through old BS) and
the new BS
Then the MS will be in connection with the New BS
The BSs supervise the quality of all current
connections by making measurements of RSSI.
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Handof Failures
Handof Failures
No channel is available
Handof is denied by the network for
reasons such as lack of resources
It takes the network too long to set up
the handof
The target link fails in some way
during the execution of handof
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3. Channel Assignment
Channel assignment schemes attempt
to achieve
high degree of spectrum utilization,
least number of database lookups,
simplest algorithm employed in both the
MS and network
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Nonprioritized Scheme
Nonprioritized Scheme
The BS handle a handof call in the
same manner as a new call
The handof call is blocked immediately
if no channel is available
This scheme is employed by most PCS
radio technologies
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New or
handoff call
arrival
Channel
available?
no
Call blocked
yes
Channel
assigned
Ongoing
call
Channel
released
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no
Normal
channel
available?
Call
blocked
yes
Channel
assigned
yes
Handoff
call
arrival
Normal
channel
available?
Ongoing
call
Channel
released
yes
no
Reserved
channel
available?
no
no
Channel
available?
yes
Ongoing
call
Channel
assigned
no
New
call
channel
released
Insert the
call into the
waiting queue
Is
a channel
available before
the call
expires
?
no
Call blocked
Channel
released
yes
no
Is
the waiting
queue
empty
?
yes
The channel is idle
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Subrating Scheme
Subrating Scheme
Creates a new channel on a blocked BS
for a handof access attempt by
subrating an existing call.
Subrating is the process of temporarily
dividing an occupied full-rate channel
into two channels at the half of the
original rate.
One to serve the existing call , one to
serve handof request
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Handoff call
arrival
Channel
assigned
Ongoing
call
no
Channel
available for
subrating
?
New
call
channel
released
no
yes
Is there a
subrated channel pair ?
yes
Call
blocked
Channel
released
Each channel
no
of the subrated
pair is upgraded
to full-rate channels
no
Is
The release
Channel
no subrated
?
Theyes
channel
is idle
yes
The other channel
of the subrated
pair is upgraded
Channel assignment
Nonpriority Scheme
Reserved Channel Scheme
Queuing Priority Scheme
Subrating scheme
MBPS scheme
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Handof Management
Radio Link Transfer
Hard Handof
For hard handof, the mobile station
(MS) connects with only one base
station (BS) at a time, and there is
usually some interruption in the
conversation during the link
transition.
Hard handof is typically used in
TDMA and FDMA systems.
Soft Handof
The MS receives /transmits the same
signals from/to multiple BSs
simultaneously.
The network must combine the
signals from the multiple BSs in some
way.
Thus soft handof is more
complicated than hard handof.
Outline
Hard handof for mobile-controlled
handof (MCHO), network-controlled
handof (NCHO), mobile-assisted
handof (MAHO), subrating under
TDMA systems,
Soft handof for MAHO under CDMA
systems or some TDMA systems with
macro diversity.
Link transfer
Intracell handoff.
The link transfer is performed between
two time slots or channels in the same
BS. For a TDMA system, intracell handof
is also referred to as time slot transfer
(TST).
Inter-BSC handoff.
The link is transferred between two BSs
connected to diferent BSCs on the same
mobile switching center (MSC);
Handof efect
Typical holding time for call is : 60
seconds.
0.5 inter-BS handofs,
0.1 inter-BSC handofs, and
0.05 inter-MSC handofs.
Hard Handof
The Hard handof for following
procedures are going to discuss
MCHO
NCHO/MAHO
Subrating protocol
Failure case
In the case of a handof failure, the MS
link-quality maintenance process must
decide what to do next.
There are several possibilities. The MS
may choose to:
Initiate another handof to the "next best"
channel.
Simply stay on the old channel.
Try again later.
Perform some other action appropriate for the
situation.
MCHO
MCHO
MCHO
Subrating procedure
Subrating procedure
Subrating procedure
Subrating procedure
Soft Handof
Adding a New BS
CDMA BSs transmit pilot signals that assist
MSs to track/ synchronize the BS downlink
signals.
The MSs measure the strength of the pilot
signals of the serving BSs, that is, the old
BS and the surrounding BSs.
If the pilot signal strength of a surrounding
BS-the new BS-exceeds a threshold, then
the link between the MS and the new BS is
established.
The MAHO procedure of adding a new link
to an MS is described in the following
steps.
Adding a New BS
Dropping a BS
If the signal strength on the link
between a BS and the MS falls below
a predetermined threshold, the MS
requests to remove the BS.
Assume that the old BS is to be
dropped. The MAHO procedure of
dropping an old link from an MS is
described in the following steps.
Dropping a BS
Drooping a BS
Steps 1-3. The MS sends a pilot
strength message to the old BS to
remove the BS with the failing link.
The old BS and the MS exchange the
handoff command message pair to
remove the link.
Steps 4 and 5. The old BS sends the
relevant call record information to
the new BS by exchanging the
interface primary transfer
message pair.