FOOTIN

Footing - A base (in or on the ground) that will support

the structure.
-

A masonry section, usually concrete, in a

rectangular form wider than the bottom of
the foundation wall or pier it supports.

- The base or bottom of a foundation pier, wall, or

column that is usually wider than the upper
portion of the foundation. The added width
at the bottom spreads the load over a wider
area.

TYPES OF FOOTINGS
Footing requirements are generally covered in the building code and sized
in accordance with the bearing capacity of the soil and the weight of the
building. In areas subject to seasonal frost, the bottom of the footing must
be placed below the frost line to prevent damage to the footing and
structure due to frost heave. Typical footing types include:

spot footings
continuous spread footing
grade beam footing

Problem 1:
A 150 mm wall is carrying a total load of 150 kN
per meter length of wall. Design a wall footing using
the following:
fc= 20 Mpa
fs = 140 Mpa
n =9
R = 1.45 Mpa
j = 0.878
v = 0.50 Mpa
u = 2.2 Mpa
Allowable soil pressure
= 75 kPa

Solution: Consider 1m length of wall;

Assume wt. of footing = 0.09(150)

= 13.5 kN

Total load

= 163.5 kN

Reqd. Area

L(1)

Net soil pressure

150

13.5

163.5
75

= 2.18 m

2.18
=

150
2.2

68.2 kN
m

Determine depth of footing:

1) from bending
M = 68.2 (1.025) (1.025)
2
M = 35.83 kN m

d=

157 mm

A reinforcement;

Deck bond stress:

u = V
jd
V = 68.2 (1.025) = 69.9 kN
= (20) (1000) = 370 mm
170

u=

69.9 (1000)
370 (0.878) (160)

= 1.34 MPa < 2.2 MPa

(ok)

temp. bars
Ast = 0.0020 (2200) (235)
Ast = 1034 mm
For 12 mm bars
A = (12) = 113 mm
Use 10 12mm bars

Problem 2:
Design a square footing for a spiral column
having a diameter of 678 mm carrying an axial load of
1780 kN.

(678) = D
D = 600 mm
M = 223899 (2.82) (1.11) (1.11)
2

d = 316 mm (Add 100- 200 mm approx.)

Try d = 490 mm

Check for beam shear:

V = q (c-d) L
V = 223899 (1.11- 0.490) (2.82)
V = 385151 N
= 385151
2820 (490)
= 0.28 MPa
va = 0.09
va = 0.09
va = 0.38 MPa > 0.28 (safe)

Compute the steel

requirements:

Check for Bond stress:

= (28) (13)
= 1144 mm
As = 6650 mm
Using 28 mm bars:
(28) n = 6650
n = 10.81 say 13 bars
(to compensate for bond stress)

check wt. of footing:

V = 223899 (1.11) (2.82)

Total depth = 490 + 28 (1.5) + 75

= 607 mm

V = 694535 N
u = 1.43 MPa

wt. = 0.607 (2.82) (2400) (9.81) (2.82)

wt. = 113694 N
check the area required:

ua = 1.51 MPa
> 1.43 (safe)

A=
A = 7.89 m < 7.95 m
(our trial area is bigger
than the required area)

Foundation the interfacing element between the superstructure and the

underlying soil or rock.
Foundation Engineering art and science of applying engineering judgment
and the principles of soil mechanics to solve the interfacing problem
Retaining Structure structure whose purpose is to retain a soil or other
similar mass in a geometric shape other than occurring naturally under the
influence of gravity
S = total ultimate settlement
S = Si + Sc + Ss
Si = immediate settlement resulting from the constant volume distortion of the
loaded soil mass
Sc = consolidation settlement resulting from the time dependent flow of water
from the loaded area under the influence of the load generated excess pore
pressure which is itself dissipated by the flow
Ss = secondary settlement or creep which is also the dependent but may
occur at essentially constant effective stress

Typical Foundation Types are:

Foundation for building (shallow/deep)
Foundations for smoke stacks, radio and television
towers, etc. (s or d)
Foundations for port or Marine structures
(maybe s or d, w/ extensive low or deep)
Foundation elements support open cuts or retain earth
masses or bridge abutments (retaining structures)

Problems encountered in foundation designs

1. What constitutes satisfactory and tolerable settlements?
2. How variable is the soil Profile, and has client seen willing to
authorize an adequate exploration program?
3. Can be the building be supported by the underlying soil on spread
footing, mats, piles?
4. What is the likehood of a lawsuit if the foundation does not perform
adequately?
5. Is money available for the foundation portion of the construction?
6. What is the ability of the local construction force?
7. What is the engineering ability of the foundation engineer?

General Requirements of Foundations

1. Depth must be adequate to avoid lateral expulsion of materials from
beneath the foundation, particularly footing and mats.
2. Depth must be below seasonal volume changes such as freezing and
thawing or the zone of organic materials
3. System must be safe against overturning, rotation, sliding, or soil rupture
4. System must be safe due to harmful materials present in soil
5. System should be adequate to sustain some changes be major in scope
6. The foundation should be economical in terms of the method of
installation
7. Total earth movements and differential movements should be tolerable for
the foundation element and or any superstructure elements

Soil Mechanics
Engineering study of soil to obtain properties such as:
1.Strength Parameters
2.Compressibility Indexes
3.Permeability
4.Gravimetric volumetric data (unit, weight, specific gravity, void ratio)
This makes possible engineering Predictions and estimates of:
1.Bearing Capacity
2.Settlements
-amount
-rate
3.Earth Pressures
4.Pore Pressures and Dewatering quantities
The foundations engineer is concerned with the construction of some type of
engineering structure of the earth great effort is required to separate the
particles

Earth composed of rock and soil

Rock naturally occurring materials composed of mineral, particles
so firmly bonded together that relatively
Soil naturally occurring materials minerals particles which are fairly
readily separated into relatively small pieces and in which the mass
may certain air, water, or organic materials in varying accounts
Attenberg Limits laboratory tests for arbitrary moisture contents to
determine when the soil is on the verge of being viscious liquid
(liquid limit) or nonplastic
Plastic Index water content beyond which no further reduction of
mass, volume takes place with additional moisture loss
Specific Gravity may be determined in a laboratory test with
moderate difficulty

Soil Classification Terms

1.Bedrock rock its native location, usually extending greatly both
horizontally and vertically
2.Boulders smaller pieces of materials which have broken away from
bedrock (10-12 in)
3.Gravel common term used to describe pieces of rock from about 6
in. max. to less than in min. size
4.Sand mineral particles ranging size from 0.05 to 0.074 mm max to
0.002 to 0.006 mm
5.Clay mineral particles smaller than silt size

SPT N value

Relative density

0-4

very loose

4-10

loose

10-30

medium dense

30-50

dense

50

very dense