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Glass
Definition
Preparation
Composition
Variety
Uses
Definition
Properties of glass
Glass is:
Amorphous
Brittle
Transparent / Translucent
Raw Materials
Glass Components
Fluxes Softeners
Na2O, K2O, LiO, Al2O3, B2O3, Cs2O
Manufacturing steps
Melting
Annealing
Finishing
Melting process
Raw materials in proper proportions are mixed
with cullets. It is finely powdered and intimate
mixture called batch is fused in furnace at high
temperature of 1800C this charge melts and
fuses into a viscous fluid.
Annealing
Glass articles are then allowed to cool gradually at
room temperature by passing through different
chambers with descending temperatures. This
reduces the internal Strain in the glass.
FINISHING
Finishing is the last step in glass
manufacturing. It involves
following steps.
Cleaning
Grinding
Polishing
Cutting
Varieties of glass
Soda lime or
soft glass
Potash lime or
hard glass
Lead glass or
flint glass
Borosilicate or
Pyrex glass
AluminoSilicate glass
99.5% Silica
glass(Vitreosil)
Safety glass
Optical or
Crooks glass
Poly-crystalline
glass
Toughened glass
Colored glass
Wired Glass
Glass Wool
Fiber glass
Photosensitive
glass
Photo-chromic
glass
Neutral glass
Laminated glass
Insulating glass
The
approximate
Na2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
Uses:
composition
is
Uses:
These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and
are used for chemical apparatus, combustion tubes
and glassware which are used for heating
operations.
Its
approximate
K2Co3.PbO.SiO2.
Uses:
composition
is
It
is
common
hard
glass
containing silica and boron with
small amount of alumina and less
alkaline solids.
It
contains
SiO2(80.5%),
B2O3(13%), Al2O3(03%), K2O(3%)
and Na2O(0.5%). These glass
have low thermal coefficient of
expansion, and high chemical
resistance i.e..shock proof.
Uses:
Industrially used for pipeline of
corrosive liquids, gauge glasses,
superior laboratory apparatus,
kitchen wares, chemical plants,
Alumino-silicate glass
The
typical
approximate
composition of this type of
glass is SiO2(55%), Al2O3(23%),
MgO(09%),
B2O3(07%),
CaO(05%)
and
Na2O,
K2O(01%).
Uses:
It is used for high pressure
mercury
discharge
tubes,
chemical combustion tubes
and
certain
domestic
equipments.
Safety glass
Uses:
It is used as
wind shield in
automobiles and airplanes. On
breaking it pieces does not fly
apart because of the presence of
the plastic layer in between the
glass layers.
Uses:
They are used for making optical lenses.
Poly-crystalline glass
Uses:
For making specialized articles.
Toughened glass
Uses:
For making window shields of fast
moving vehicles, windows of
furnace and automatic opening
doors.
Coloured glass
Addition of transition metal compounds to glass gives
color to the glass. They are outlined below.
Yellow: Ferric Salts
Purple: Magnese
dioxide salt
Lemon Yellow:
Cadmium sulphide
Fluorescent greenish
yellow: Uranium oxide
Brown: Iron
Wired glass
Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it breaks
and is fire resistant. It is made by fusing wire in between
the two glass layers.
Uses:
For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and
windows
Fibre glass
Uses:
Found extensive use for the manufacture of
fabric, reinforcing plastics and production of
thermal insulation materials etc
Photosensitive glass
Uses:
Photographic development
Glass wool
Glass
fibers
steam
glass
hole.
Uses:
Photo-chromic glass
Uses:
In making tinted car glasses and
goggles.
Neutral glass
These glasses are highly resistant to chemical attacks and they are specialized soda
lime glass where alkali has been replaced by alumina, boron oxide and zinc oxide.
Uses:
Making Syringes, Injection Ampoules and vials etc.
Laminated glass
Uses:
Shatter, shock and Bullet proof Glass
Insulating glass
Uses:
Provides thermal insulating and so houses
remain cool in summer and warm in winter.
Glass
Glass is found in many types of cases. Like paint, it is often involved in
burglaries and hit-and-runs. Glass fragments easily embed in shoes, hair
and clothing of people involved in the breakage of glass. Sometimes glass
fragments can be reconstructed to yield evidence. Reconstruction.
Collection of evidence
It is best to take a representative sample of the glass - this could be the
four corners of a broken window, or all the glass available if the glass
broken is not a window. If more than one type of glass is broken, collect
representative samples of each different type.
Analysis of evidence
Most glass analyses consist of comparing the refractive indices, elemental
compositions and densities of two or more samples.
Glass
The forensic scientist will first of all assess the physical characteristics of the glass:
Refractive index. This is a measure of how much the light is bent, or refracted, as it
passes through the glass.
If a colourless piece of glass is put into water, you can still see it because the water and
glass have different refractive indices. The refractive index of glass does not vary
significantly with temperature, but those of liquids do. If a piece of glass is placed in a
liquid which is then heated, at some point the refractive indices will be identical and you
will no longer be able to see the piece of glass. If the two pieces of glass one the
suspect and one from the scene of crime, have identical refractive indices, then they
are from the same source. Nowadays, refractive index methods are semi-automatic
the GRIM2 instrument measures the refractive index of glass fragments by reference to
calibrated immersion oils and automatically identifies the glass.
Elemental composition. The elements investigated are usually sodium,
magnesium, aluminum, silicon, potassium, calcium, barium and iron.
Density measurements. The density of glass can be measured by flotation
measurements, though this technique is rarely used these days.