Beruflich Dokumente
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KALUKHEDA,R
ATLAM(M.P.)
SCIENCE EXHIBITION
2015
GUIDED
BY:Mr.A.S.Varun
PREPARED
BY:Ma.Pawan
THEME:
MATHEMATICS
for quality life
INTRODUCTIO
N
For more than two thousand years, mathematics has been a
part of the human search for understanding. Mathematical
discoveries have come both from the attempt to describe the
natural world and from the desire to arrive at a form of
inescapable truth from careful reasoning. These remain fruitful
and important motivations for mathematical thinking, but in the
last century mathematics has been successfully applied to
many other aspects of the human world: voting trends in
politics, the dating of ancient artifacts, the analysis of
automobile traffic patterns, and long-term strategies for the
sustainable harvest of deciduous forests, to mention a few.
Today, mathematics as a mode of thought and expression is
more valuable than ever before. Learning to think in
mathematical terms is an essential part of becoming a liberally
educated person.
Early Civilasations
The ancient Egyptians (3rd millennium BC),
Sumerians (2000- 1500 BC), and Chinese (1500
BC) had systems for writing down numbers and
could perform calculations using various types of
abacus.
The Egyptians were able to solve many different kinds of practical
mathematical problems, ranging from surveying fields after the annual floods to
making the intricate calculations necessary to build the pyramids. Egyptian
arithmetic, based on counting in groups of ten, was relatively simple. This Base10 system probably arose for biological reasons, we have 8 fingers and 2
thumbs. Numbers are sometimes called digits from the Latin word for finger.
Unlike our familiar number system, which is both decimal and positional (23 is
not the same as 32), the Egyptians' arithmetic was not positional but additive.
Unlike the Egyptians, the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
developed a more sophisticated base-10 arithmetic that was positional, and
they kept mathematical records on clay tablets. The most remarkable feature of
Babylonian arithmetic was its use of a sexagesimal (base 60) place-valued
system in addition to a decimal system. Thus the Babylonians counted in
groups of sixty as well as ten. Babylonian mathematics is still used to tell time an hour consists of 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds -
The Renaissance
During the 1400's and
1500's,
European
explorers sought new
overseas trade routes,
stimulating
the
application
of
Mathematics
to
navigation
and
commerce.
The invention of printing in the
mid 1400's resulted in the speedy and
widespread communication of mathematical
Galileo
COMMERCIAL
MATHEMATICS
This include the following topics :
Discount
Banking
Foreign Exchange
Stock and Share
Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage,
Ratio and Proposition , Time problems)
Discount
Discount:Reduction from the full amount of a price .
The following are thesix types of discountswhich we see are
Simple Discount. Offer a price reduction on a product by a
percentage. For example, buy a shirt and receive 25 % off the original
price.
Minimum Purchase Discount.Offer a price reduction on a minimum
quantity purchase. For example, buy two shirts and receive 20 % off
each shirt.
Buy N, Get one Free.Offer a free gift with a minimum quantity purchase. For
example, buy two shirts and receive a third shirt for free.
Paired Discount.Offer a price reduction on a product if another
product is purchased. For example, buy a shirt and receive Rs.10 off a
pair of jeans.
Paired Set Discount.Offer a price reduction on an item if a certain quantity of
another item is purchased. For example, buy three shirts and receive 30 % off a pair of
jeans.
Order Discount.Offer a price reduction or free shipping on the order
total, if a certain amount is purchased. For example, buy Rs. 5000
worth of merchandise, and receive 10 % off the total order.
Banking
Banking: A system of trading in money which
involved safeguarding deposits and making
funds available for borrowers.
What is the use of mathematics in Banking ?
Bank is full of transactions. In turn the transaction
ARITHMETIC
Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage, Ratio
and Proposition , Time related problems):
The word refers to a branch of mathematicswhich
records
elementary
properties
of
certain
operationson numbers.
Arithmetic operations:
The traditional arithmetic operations are addition,
subtraction,multiplication anddivision, although
more advanced operations (such as manipulations
of percentages,square root,exponentiation, and
logarithmic functions) are also sometimes included
ALGEBRA
Algebra : Itis a branch of mathematicsconcerning the study of
structure, relation, andquantity.
STATISTICS
Statistics:It is amathematical sciencepertaining
to the collection, analysis, interpretation or
explanation, and presentation of data. Also with
prediction and forecasting based on data.
Statistics form a key basis tool in business and
manufacturing as well. It is used to understand
measurement
systems
variability,
control
processes for summarizing data, and to make datadriven
decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and
perhaps the only reliable tool.
Actuarial science
Applied information economics
Biostatistics
Business statistics
Data mining
Engineering statistics
Environmental Statistics
Epidemiology
Geography andGeographic Information Systems
Psychological statistics
Quality
Social statistics
Statistical literacy
Statistical modeling
Statistical surveys
Chemometrics(for analysis of data fromchemistry)
Structured data analysis (statistics)
Statistics in various sports, particularly baseballand cricket
CALCULUS
Calculus:It is the study of change, in the same
way that geometryis the study of space. It includes
the study of limits, derivative , integrals, and
infinite series.
Calculus has widespread applications in scienceand
engineeringand is used to solve problems for which
algebraalone is insufficient. Calculus builds on
algebra,trigonometry, andanalytic geometry and
includes two major branches,differential calculus
andintegral calculus, that are related by the
fundamental
theorem
of
calculus.
GEOMETRY
Geometry:It a part of mathematicsconcerned with
questions of size, shape, and relative position of
figures and with properties of space.
How Is Geometry Used In Our Daily Life?
Geometry is especially useful in home building or
improvement projects. If you want to find the floor
area of a house, you use geometry. This information is
useful for laying carpetor tiles and for telling an estate
agent how big your houseis when you want to put it
on the market. If you want to reupholster a piece of
furniture, you have to estimate the amount of
fabricyou need by calculating the
MECHANICS
Mechanics : It is concerned with the behaviour of
physical bodieswhen subjected toforces or
displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies
on their environment.
PRESENTED
BY
PAWAN
CHOUDHARY
Guided By
Mr. A.S. Varun