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Electric Charge
Types:
Positive
Glass rubbed with silk
Missing electrons
Negative
Rubber/Plastic rubbed with fur
Extra electrons
Arbitrary choice
convention attributed to ?
[Coulombs]
Empirical Observations:
Like charges repel
Unlike charges attract
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Protons (+)
Electrons (-)
Ions
Polar Molecules
Quantization
The smallest unit of charge is that on an electron or proton. (e =
1.6 x 10-19 C)
It is impossible to have less charge than this
It is possible to have integer multiples of this charge
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Q Ne
Conductor
transfers charge on contact
Insulator
does not transfer charge on contact
Semiconductor
might transfer charge on
contact
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Empirical Observations
1
F 2
r
F q1q 2
Direction of the force is along the line joining the two charges
Formal Statement
r
kq1q 2
F12
r21
2
r21
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kq1q 2
F 2
r
910 Nm /C
9
1
4 0
q1 q 2
r2
8
Example:
What is the force between two charges of 1 C separated by 1 meter?
Answer: 8.99 x
109 N,
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F = kQ1Q2/r2
= (9.0 x 109 N m2/C2)(26)(1.60 x 1019 C)
(1.60 x 1019 C)/(1.5x1012 m)2
=
2.7 x 103 N.
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Answer: 58 N
Part 2: What if the distance is doubled; how will the force
change?
Answer: 14.5 N
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Example - Equilibrium
Position
Consider two charges located on the x axis
x = 0.0 m
x1
x2
x = 0.40 m
At the equilibrium point, the forces from the two charges will
cancel.
0.4 x
q3
13
q1q3
q2 q3
k
( x) 2
(10 x ) 2
1 106
3 106
2
( x)
( x 10) 2
x 13.7cm
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Example:
two charges are located on the positive x-axis of a coordinate system, as shown in
the figure. Charge q1=2nC is 2cm from the origin, and charge q2=-3nC is 4cm
from the origin. What is the total force exerted by these two charges on a charge
q3=5nC located at the origin?
The total force on q3 is the vector sum of the forces due to q1 and q2 individually.
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16
Example - Charged
Pendulums (2)
Step 2: The balls are in equilibrium
positions. That means the sum of all
forces acting on the ball is zero!
kq 2
T sin 2
d
T cos mg
T sin kq 2 / d 2
T cos
mg
d=2 l sin
kq 2
mg 2
d tan
Answer: m = 0.76 kg
A similar analysis applies to the ball on the right.
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Example:
An electron is released above the surface of the Earth. A second electron
directly below it exerts an electrostatic force on the first electron just great
enough to cancel out the gravitational force on it. How far below the first
electron is the second?
FE mg
q1q2
q1q2
k 2 mg r k
r
mg
19 2
(
1
.
6
x
10
)
9
r (9 10 )
5.1 m
31
(9.11x10 )(9.8)
Fe
e
mg
r=?
e
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The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average) by a
distance of approximately 5.3 x10-11 m. Find the magnitudes of the electric force
and the gravitational force between the two particles.
Compare the electrostatic and gravitational the forces
2
19
1 e2
C
9 N.m 1.60 10
Fe
. 2 9 10
2
2
11
4 0 r
C
5
.
3
10
m
8.2 10 8 N
Fg G
me m p
r
6.7 10
11
2
2
11
kg
5.3 10 m
3.6 10 47 N
Fe/Fg = 2 x 1039 The force of gravity is much weaker than the electrostatic force
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21
q2
3m
q1
q3
5m
Fon 3 due to 2
q3
= 37
= tan-1(3/4)
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4m
q2
3m
q1
q3
= tan-1(3/4)
F3, 2
F3, 2
Fon 3 due to 1
5m
Fon 3 due to 2
F
F
F
q3
F3,1sin37
= 37
F3,1cos37
3.18 x10 9 N
Fresultant ( Fx ) 2 ( Fy ) 2
Fres 7.34x10-9 N
Direction tan 1 (
F
F
23
F1
F3
+
Q F2
L
Q = 6.0 mC
L = 0.10 m
What is the magnitude and
direction of the net force on one of
the charges?
Q
+
We find the magnitudes of the individual forces on the charge at the upper
right corner:
F1= F2 = kQQ/L2 = kQ2/L2
= (9 x109 N m2/C2)(6 x103 C)2/(0.100 m)2 = 3.24 x107 N.
F3= kQQ/(L2)2 = kQ2/2L2
= (9 x109 N m2/C2)(6 x103 C)2 /2(0.100 m)2
= 1.62 x107 N.
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tan
L
1
L
so 450
3x
L
1
so 450
L
F 3 cos 1.62 107 0.707 1.145 107 N
3y
tan
F
F
F
F
2
2
7
7
6.2 107 N
4
.
385
4.385 10
10
tan 1
F
F
450
25
Example - Four
Charges
Consider four charges placed at the
Answer:
F (on q4) = 0.0916 N
and the direction?
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HOMEWORK :
23-7; Three point charges are located at the corners of an equilateral
triangle. Calculate the net electric force on the 7.00 uC charge.
23-8: Two small beads having positive charges 3q and q are fixed at the
opposite ends of a horizontal insulating rod extending from the origin to the
point x =d. a third small charged bead is free to slide on the rod. At what
position is the third bead in equilibrium? Can it be in stable equilibrium?
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3-18; Two 2.00uC point charges are located on the x axis. One is at x = 1.00
m, and the other is at x =- 1.00 m. (a) Determine the electric field on the y
axis at y =0.500 m. (b) Calculate the electric force on a - 3.00uC charge
placed on the y axis at y = 0.500 m.
23-41; An electron and a proton are each placed at rest in an electric field of
520 N/C. Calculate the speed of each particle 48.0 ns after being released.
23-44; The electrons in a particle beam each have a kinetic energy of 1.60 x 1017
J. What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field that stops these
electrons in a distance of 10.0 cm?
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