Phasor Relationships for Circuit

Elements (8.4); Impedance and

Admittance (8.5)
Dr. Holbert
February 1, 2006
ECE201 Lect-5

Phasor Relationships for Circuit

Elements
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage
relationships for inductors and capacitors
much like we express the current-voltage
relationship for a resistor.
A complex exponential is the mathematical
tool needed to obtain this relationship.

ECE201 Lect-5

I-V Relationship for a Resistor

+

i(t)

v(t)

v(t ) R i (t )

Suppose that i(t) is a sinusoid:

i(t) = IM ej(t+
Find v(t)
ECE201 Lect-5

Computing the Voltage

v(t ) R i (t ) R I M e

v(t ) VM e

j t j

j t j

VI R
ECE201 Lect-5

Class Example
Learning Extension E8.5

ECE201 Lect-5

I-V Relationship for a Capacitor

+

i(t)

v(t)

dv(t )
i (t ) C
dt

Suppose that v(t) is a sinusoid:

v(t) = VM ej(t+
Find i(t)
ECE201 Lect-5

Computing the Current

j t j

dv(t )
dVM e
i (t ) C
C
dt
dt
i (t ) jCVM e

jt j

jCv (t )

ECE201 Lect-5

Phasor Relationship
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors:
V = VM
I = jC V
The derivative in the relationship between
v(t) and i(t) becomes a multiplication by j
in the relationship between V and I.

ECE201 Lect-5

Example
v(t) = 120V cos(377t + 30)
C = 2F
What is V?
What is I?
What is i(t)?
ECE201 Lect-5

Class Example
Learning Extension E8.7

ECE201 Lect-5

10

I-V Relationship for an Inductor

+

i(t)

v(t)

di (t )
v(t ) L
dt

V = jL I

ECE201 Lect-5

11

Example
i(t) = 1A cos(2 9.15107t + 30)
L = 1H
What is I?
What is V?
What is v(t)?
ECE201 Lect-5

12

Class Example
Learning Extension E8.6

ECE201 Lect-5

13

Circuit Element Phasor Relations

(ELI and ICE man)
Element V/I Relation Phasor Relation

Phase

Capacitor I = C dV/dt I = j C V
I leads V
= CV 90 by 90
Inductor V = L dI/dt V = j L I
V leads I
by 90
= LI 90
V=RI
Resistor V = I R
In-phase
= R I 0
ECE201 Lect-5

14

Impedance
AC steady-state analysis using phasors
allows us to express the relationship
between current and voltage using a
formula that looks likes Ohms law:
V=IZ
Z is called impedance (units of ohms, )

ECE201 Lect-5

15

Impedance
Resistor:V = I R
The impedance is ZR = R
Inductor:

V = I jL

The impedance is ZL = jL
ECE201 Lect-5

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Impedance
Capacitor:

1
VI
j C

The impedance is ZC = 1/jC

ECE201 Lect-5

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Some Thoughts on Impedance

Impedance depends on the frequency, f

Impedance is (often) a complex number.
Impedance is not a phasor (why?).
Impedance allows us to use the same
solution techniques for AC steady state as we
use for DC steady state.

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18

Impedance Example:
Single Loop Circuit
20k
10V 0

1F

VC

= 377
Find VC
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19

Impedance Example
How do we find VC?
First compute impedances for resistor and
capacitor:
ZR = 20k= 20k 0
ZC = 1/j (3771F) = 2.65k -90

ECE201 Lect-5

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Impedance Example
20k 0

10V 0

+
VC

ECE201 Lect-5

2.65k -90

21

Impedance Example
Now use the voltage divider to find VC:
2.65k - 90

VC 10V 0

2.65k - 90 20k0

VC 1.31V - 82.4

ECE201 Lect-5

22

Low Pass Filter:

A Single Node-pair Circuit
+
5mA 0

0.1F
1k

Find v(t) for =2 3000

ECE201 Lect-5

23

Find Impedances
+
-j530
5mA 0

V
1k

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Find the Equivalent Impedance

+
5mA 0

Zeq

Z eq

1000 j 530

1000 j 530
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Parallel Impedances
1000 j 530 10 0 530 90

1000 j 530
1132 27.9
3

Z eq

Z eq 468.2 62.1

ECE201 Lect-5

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Computing V
V IZ eq 5mA0 468.2 62.1
V 2.34V 62.1
v(t ) 2.34V cos(2 3000t 62.1)

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Impedance Summary
Element

Impedance

Capacitor

ZC = 1 / jC = -1/C 90

Inductor

ZL = jL = L 90

Resistor

ZR = R = R 0
ECE201 Lect-5

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E8.8
Learning Extension E8.9

ECE201 Lect-5

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