Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
7 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
Transformations of
Stress and Strain
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three- Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
σ x ,σ y ,σ z normal stresses
τ xy , τ yz , τ zx shearing stresses
(Note : τ xy = τ yx , τ yz = τ zy , τ zx = τ xz )
Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
σ x , σ y , τ xy and σ z = τ zx = τ zy = 0.
msotw9_temp0
Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
( σ x′ − σ ave ) 2 + τ x2′y′ = R 2
where
2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 2
σ ave = R = + τ xy
2 2
2
σ x −σ y 2
τ max = R = + τ xy
2
σ x −σ y
tan 2θ s = −
2τ xy
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2τ xy
tan 2θ p =
σ x −σ y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
σx +σ y σ x − σ y 2
σ max,min = ± + τ xy
For the state of plane stress shown, 2 2
determine (a) the principal panes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the σ x − σ y 2
τ max = + τ xy
corresponding normal stress. 2
σx +σ y
′
σ =
2
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2τ xy 2( + 40 )
tan 2θ p = = = 1.333
σ x −σ y 50 − ( − 10 )
2θ p = 53.1°, 233.1°
θ p = 26.6°, 116.6°
σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa
σ x = −10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
σx +σ y σ x − σ y 2
σ max,min = ± + τ xy
2 2
= 20 ± ( 30) 2 + ( 40) 2
σ max = 70 MPa
σ min = −30 MPa
Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
σ x −σ y 2
τ max = + τ xy
2
= ( 30) 2 + ( 40) 2
τ max = 50 MPa
σ x = +50 MPa τ xy = +40 MPa θ s = θ p − 45
σ x = −10 MPa θ s = −18.4°, 71.6°
τ xy = +
Tc
=+
( 2.7 kip ⋅ in )( 0.6 in )
J 1 π ( 0.6 in ) 4
2
2
σx +σ y σ x − σ y 2
σ max,min = ± + τ xy
2 2
2
0 + 8.84 0 − 8.84
+ ( 7.96 )
2
= ±
2 2
σ max = +13.52 ksi
σ min = −4.68 ksi
P P
σx = , σ y = τ xy = 0 σ x = σ y = τ xy =
A 2A
Tc Tc
σ x = σ y = 0 τ xy = σx =σy = τ xy = 0
J J
Example 7.02
Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
σ max = OA = OC + CA = 20 + 50
σ max = 70 MPa
σ max = OB = OC − BC = 20 − 50
σ max = −30 MPa
FX 40
tan 2θ p = =
CP 30
2θ p = 53.1°
θ p = 26.6°
Example 7.02
ud < uY
1 2
6G
(
σ a − σ aσ b + σ b2 <
1 2
6G
) (
σ Y − σ Y × 0 + 02 )
σ a2 − σ aσ b + σ b2 < σ Y2
• Hoop stress:
∑ Fz = 0 = σ 1( 2t ∆x ) − p( 2r ∆x )
pr
σ1 =
t
• Longitudinal stress:
( )
∑ Fx = 0 = σ 2 ( 2π rt ) − p π r
2
pr
σ2 =
2t
σ 1 = 2σ 2
ε OB = ε ( 45°) = 12 (ε x + ε y + γ xy )
γ xy = 2ε OB − (ε x + ε y )