SISTEM RESPIRASI

Oleh: Darmedi SPd.

Gas
Exchange
in
Animals
Describe the 4
functional
processes
involved in
animal
respiration

Respiratory Organs

Identify each type

of respiratory
adaptation, and
relate to lifestyle.

Tracheal System in Insects

Each cell has a nearly direct means

of gas exchange via the tracheal
system (2 spiracles on the thorax, 8
on abdomen).
What is the advantage of such a
system for a small, fast animal?
Do insects have respiratory
pigments in their hemolymph? Why
or why not?

The abdomen in large, active insects like grasshoppers, is used like a

bellows to force air out of tracheae with contraction of skeletal muscles.
What happens when these muscles relax?
The experiment illustrated (first performed by the insect physiologist
Gottfried Fraenkel) shows that there is a one-way flow of air through
the grasshopper. The liquid seals in the tubing move to the right as air
enters the first four pairs of spiracles in the thorax and is discharged
through the last six pairs in the
abdomen.
Rubber
diaphragm
Liquid seal

Liquid seal

(air)

(air)

How is this different from ventilation in mammals? How does it

compare to ventilation in birds? Explain.

Book Lungs in Spiders

Diversity
in gills
Describe the
dual function of
gills in bivalves
and polychaetes.
Two of these
animals utilize
structures for
body movement
in gas exchange
as well.

Pertukaran gas pada ikan hiu

Gill Ventilation in Fish

Discuss the positive pressure component of gill ventilation.

Discuss the negative pressure component in gill ventilation.

Gill Structure in Fish

If fish gills are so efficient at gas

exchange, why cant most fish survive

Countercurrent Mechanism for

Gas Exchange
Nearly 80% of the O2 in
is removed from the
water as it passes over
the gills.

Is this more or less

efficient than gas
exchange at the lungs?
Why ?

Draw a similar picture showing blood flow and water flow in the
same direction. How would oxygen diffusion change?

COUNTERCURRENT
EXCHANGE
The efficiency of fish gills stems
from a simple adaptation known
as countercurrent exchange.
The blood in the capillaries flows
in the opposite direction from the
water in the adjacent channels.
Dissolved gases diffuse faster
between fluids with a large
difference in gas concentration (a
high concentration gradient) than
between fluids with only a small
difference.

Mechanics of
Respiration:
positive pressure
breathing
Do amphibians have
completely separate
pulmonary and systemic
circulatory systems?
What other organ may be
used in respiration?

Ventilation in Birds

Compare the size and complexity of the respiratory system in birds

and amphibians (previous slide), and explain any differences.
Compare the direction of airflow in birds and mammals. What does
this mean regarding the pressure gradient at the transport
epithelium?

Mammalian Respiratory System

Mechanics of Respiration:
negative pressure breathing

How do the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of the lungs
and line the thoracic cavity facilitate breathing?

Gas
Exchange at
Lungs
Four factors affect the rate of
gas diffusion across a
selectively permeable
barrier:
1. Solubility of the gas in the
membrane
2. Thickness of the membrane
3. _____________________
4. _____________________

The Function of
Hemoglobin
related to body
size
Would you expect insects
(tracheal system) to have a
respiratory pigment in their
hemolymph? Explain.

Hemoglobin is the only respiratory pigment in vertebrates, but it

is a common respiratory pigment among invertebrates as well.
Hemocyanin, a blue copper-containing protein, carries oxygen in
crustaceans and most mollusks, within hemolymph.

Hemoglobin Dissociation Curves

HowisthefunctionofHbsimilartothatofenzymes?
UnderwhatconditionsdoesHbactasastrongacidasaweaker
acid?

Transport of
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonicanhydrasecatalyzes
the
chemicalreactioninboth
directions.Explainhowthisis
possible
Whatdrivesthediffusionof
bicarbonateoutofRBCs?
Isthereapotentialproblem
associatedwiththelossof
HCO3?

Regulation of
Breathing
Howdoes
hyperventilationaffect
thecontrolcentersof
breathing?
Shouldyou
hyperventilate
justbeforeyour
underwaterswimtest?
Whyorwhynot?

Respiration
and
Circulation
are coupled
processes in
most animals

Fig. 15.8

The systems
function
together to
exchange gases
with the
environment
and transport
them to the
tissues

I.

Types of Respiratory Exchange Organs:

A.

The Body Surface

1.

Requires no respiratory system

2.

Animal must be small or thin

3.

Must have low oxygen /energy requirements

4.

Diffusion alone accounts for gas exchange

Oxygen
Carbon
Dioxide

Fig. 30.6

Fig. 30.4

Animals who use their body surface for

respiratory exchange include

Sponges
Jellyfish
Flatworms (previous slide)
Sea stars

B. Gills
1. Evaginations from
the body surface

(In mouth to oral

cavity over gills
and out slit)
2. Used by
aquatic
animals

Gill arch

Muscles in oral cavity

serve as pump for oneway water flow, due to
density of water

Animals who use gills for respiratory

exchange include

Marine worms
Clams and mussels
Lobsters and shrimp
Vertebrate fishes
(previous slide)

a. True lungs
localized
exchange
surface where
oxygen is
loaded into the
bloodstream

Carbon
dioxide

oxygen

Trachea with
cartilaginous
rings

bronchus

lung
Fig. 15.1

alveolus
Bronchial
tree

Ventilation uses tidal flow of air due to density

Fig. 15.7

b. Trachea = system
of air filled tubes
that branches
throughout body

Note unique uncoupling between

respiratory and circulatory systems

Tracheole
delivers
oxygen to
individual
cells

Fig. 30.18

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

(From Burggren et al. 1993)

pH: THE ROOT EFFECT

(From Burggren et al. 1993)

pH: THE BOHR EFFECT

(From Burggren et al.

1993)

INVERTEBRATE INTRACELLULAR
HEMOGLOBINS (in Annelids)

STRUCTURE OF HEMOGLOBIN

RESPIRATORY PIGMENT FUNCTION

Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that release the
energy stored up in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis and make
it available to living organisms

C6H12O6

energy

C6H12O6
Burning:
single step
oxidation
- releases
all the
energy in
one go

CO2 + H2O

Aerobic
respiration:
four step
catabolism
- releases
energy
stepwise

CO2 + H2O
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Breakdown of fructose 1,6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate breaks down in
the second stage of glycolysis to form
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
O
HO

O
O
H
HO

OH

HO

OH

OH
OH

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

OH
OH

OH

O
O

OH

fructose 1,6-diphosphate
HO

OH

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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Dephosphorylation of glycerate 1,3-diphosphate

Glycerate 1,3-diphosphate dephosphorylates in two stages
Stage 1
O

O
O
HO

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

CH3

O
HO

Stage 2

HO

pyruvate

OH

OH

glycerate 3-phosphate
glycerate 1,3-diphosphate

O
HO

P
OH

O
OH

HO

OH

OH

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Energy changes during glycolysis

fructose 1,6diphosphate
glucose 6phosphate

energy

glucose

2 x glycerate 3phosphate

2 x pyruvate
course of reaction
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Hydrolysis of ATP

NH2
N

ATP can break

down by
hydrolysis

HO

O
O

OH

O
O

OH

ATP

OH

OH

OH

H2O
NH2

The reverse of
condensation is
hydrolysis

N
O

O
HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

H2O

NH2
N

O
HO

P
OH

HO

P
OH

O
OH

ADP

OH

OH

Both hydrolysis
reactions are
exergonic, in other
words energy is
given out

OH

HO

OH

OH

AMP

OH

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Synthesis of ATP from ADP

O
HO

Phosphoric acid and

ADP undergo a
condensation reaction

O
OH

HO

OH

O
O

OH

OH

OH

OH

Water is eliminated
and ATP is formed

O
HO

OH

H2O

P
OH

OH

O
O

OH

OH

OH

OH

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