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Physics Of Measurement
&
Log Quality Control
Physics of Measurement
Knowledge Review
Acoustic Signal
Amplitud
e
T0
Time
s
|--- Resulting Sound--|
- T0 : Firing Pulse
- Resulting Sound wave : as
recorded at the Receivers
vibrate
loud
sound ]
When the casing is
bonded to hard
cement,casing
Good
Good
Bond
Bond
vibrations are
attenuated
proportionally to
bonded surface
Internal Use Only
3 ft
R3
5 ft
R5
Pipe Bond
Pipe Signal
Defined as: The amplitude of the first arrival (E1) in mV.
Is a function of cement bond to casing
Measured at the three foot receiver
Amplitude inversely proportional to degree of cement bond to
casing
Measurement Gates
To identify and analyze E1 and properly calculate
travel time the user must define two measurement
gates in the acquisition software.
Amplitude Gate
Travel Time Gate
Amplitude
3 in x 189 s/ft
12 in/ft
in/ft
=
265.5 s
T Casing = 57
sec/ft
T Cement = 75
sec/ft
T Formation
FLUID
100 sec/ft
T Fluid
189
sec/ft
3in x 189
+ 3 ft x 57 s/ft +
12
Amplitude Gate
The amplitude gate is setting according to free pipe
travel time values determined by casing size.
TT 10uS
Gate Width should be 32 40 uS wide.
Allows us to pinpoint and focus on the E1 Peak.
Casing wt
9.5
11.6
15
18
17
20
23
26
53.5
Pipe amp
81 m.v
81 m.v
76 m.v
76 m.v
72 m.v
72 m.v
62 m.v
62 m.v
51 m.v
Travel time
254 usec
254 usec
258 usec
258 usec
269 usec
269 usec
289 usec
289 usec
332 usec
E1
Travel
Time
E1
NOISE
TT LOG
CORRECT
TT
Tx
3 ft
Measured at 3 ft Receiver
It is a function of the CasingCement Bond
R3
R5
T Casing = 57
sec/ft
FORMATION ARRIVALS
T Cement = 75
TRAVEL TIME
sec/ft
T Formation
100 sec/ft
TTF = FLUID + CEMENT + FORMATION
+ CEMENT
T Fluid
189+ FLUID
sec/ft
s/ft
= 2x
419.5 s
12 in/ft
+ 3 ft x 100
R3
MSG: MicroSeismoGram
5 ft Receiver for MSG Analysis
Allows
easy
differentiation
between
casing and formation arrivals
5 ft
R5
Essential Calculations
Operational Considerations
Travel Time Calculation
[(CSID-ToolOD) X T Fluid uS/In)] X 2 + (T Steel X Distance)
3 Amplitude and Threshold Gate Settings
Gate open = TT-10uS
Gate Width = 32-40us
Threshold set at 1mV
5 Gate settings
3TT + 114 uS
Threshold set at 1mV
Radial Mapping Receiver Amplitude and Threshold Gates
3TT 57uS
Threshold set a 1mV
Transmitter
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
Transmitter
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
3 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
5 ft
Receiver
[mV ]
MSG Microseismogram
representation]
[wafeform visual
Gamma Ray
[GAPI]
Free Pipe
Free Pipe
LQC
Free Pipe
GAMMA RAY
0
AMPLITUDE
150
TRAVEL TIME
200
300
0
CCL
100
AMPLIFIED AMPLITUDE
0
10
CBL WAVEFORM
-20
20
Y50
Collar
TT
FP Amp
Y75
DEPTH
MATCH
Chevron
Good Bond
LQC
Low Pipe Amplitude
Travel Time
Stretching
Cycle Skipping
MSG
Depth Match
Cycle Skipping
Tool Eccentering
Tool Eccentering
5
Missing or Broken
Centralizer(s)
Eccentering
3 FT
TIME AXIS
Eccentering Analysis
Resulting Waveform
T0
Threshold
Short Path
Waveform
Normal Waveform
TT
Delayed Waveform
Result is a Bad
Waveform from close tool side to casing
Log
Waveform from far tool side to casing
not recoverable
Resulting waveform has lower amplitude
Resembling a zone of Good Cement in Recalculation
but with shorter Transit Time [ 4 s
less]
Internal Use Only
Stretching
E1
T0
Threshold
TT TT
T
In cases of Good
E1Cement
decreases and TT is detected on a non linear
portion of E1
Delta T STRETCHING is the TT increase from its value in
free pipe
TT Cycle Skipping
E1
T0
E3
Threshold
TT
TT
E2
Micro Annulus
&
Channeling
Micro Annulus
Definition: Is a gap a few thousandths of an inch wide between the
casing and cement often caused by shrinkage of casing after
cement sets
Often will provide hydraulic isolation. It will usually not pass any
substantial volume of liquid.
Casing can be pressured up while logging to expand the casing and
close the gap (typically 1000-2000 psi)
The 5 typical causes of a micro-annulus are:
Thermal Micro Annulus.
Produced Micro Annulus.
Induced Micro Annulus
Constraining Forces
Special Coatings on Casing
Micro Annulus
5
Channeling/Irregular Bond
5
Channeling
Causes
Problems encountered during the cementing process;
Equipment Failure
Cement Contamination
Loss of continuity while pumping
Without Pressure
With Pressure
Fast Formation
Fast Formation
5
slowness
<
steel
slowness
3
formation
arrivessec/ft
first
T Dolomite arrival
= 43.5
2
The
T
transit
amplitude
will be affected
Internal Use Only
time
and
CBL
Fast Formation
5
TRANSIT
TIME
PIPE
AMPLITUDE
MSG
Free Pipe
NORMAL
HIGH
Casing Arrivals
Usually No Formation
Arrivals
NORMAL
to HIGH /
NOISY
LOW
No Casing Arrivals
Formation Arrivals
NORMAL
to HIGH
CAN BE
NOISY
LOW
No Casing Arrivals
No Formation Arrivals
NORMAL
MEDIUM to
HIGH
Microannulus
NORMAL
MEDIUM to
HIGH
Formation Arrivals
Casing Arrivals
Channeling
NORMAL
MEDIUM to
HIGH
Formation Arrivals
Casing Arrivals
Fast Formations
LOW
HIGH
Formation Arrivals
No Casing Arrivals
Eccentered Tool
LOW
LOW
DEPENDS
ATTENUATION (Mathematical)
Logarithm of E1 amplitude
BOND INDEX
Bond Index
30
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
[ft]
25
Bond Index = 70 %
20
15
Bond Index = 80 %
10
10
CBL
M1 Chart
Quantitative
Interpretation
Casing Data
O.D. 7, 29 lbm/ft
Casing Thickness
[from tables]
.408 in
Cement
Compresive
CBL value for
100% Bond
Strength
3000 psi
[minimum
expected
amplitude]
CBL Calibrations
Prior to running the tool in to the well calibrations
must be performed!
Calibrations are divided into two major categories
Surface
Master Calibrations
Pre-Job
Post Job
In Hole
Normalization
CBL Calibrations
Gamma Ray
Calibrate gamma ray using standard Thorium Blanket.
Acoustics
Each tool will have a series of calibrations that need to be performed
prior to use.
Some tools have more calibration sets than others
Minimum calibration should be;
Pipe Zero
Pipe Amplitude
CBL Calibrations
Acoustic Calibrations cont.
Calibrations should be performed in a calibration fixture or in
a test well.
Calibrations performed in a clients well are normalizations.
Perform CBL Air calibrations with suspended in air and not
making contact with any object.
TRANSMITTER
3 FT RECVR
5 FT RECVR
3 FT RECVR DIVIDED IN
TO 8 SEGMENTS
COVERING 45 DEG
SECTOR EACH.
CCL
GR
The process of setting the gate for E1 of three foot receiver signal
remains the same as Dual Receiver Tools, however, the gates for the
individual segments must be set on appropriate E1 respectively.
Dependent on the tool the receiver placements will be a varying
distance from the transmitter. Therefore, gate placement will have to
be recalculated from the base TT measurement based on the distance
from Transmitter to Receivers.
Example: CSS 1 11/16 Bond Tools Radial Receivers are located 2
feet from the transmitter. Therefore, there is one foot less of steel
casing for the sound wave to travel before reaching the receivers.
Recalculation for appropriate gate settings would be:
3TT 57uS = Radial 3 Amplitude Gate Open
Gate width will remain the same as will the threshold level.
Includes;
GR, CCL, 3FT Amplitude, Travel Time, MSG
Pipe Amplitude is driven by omni-directional receiver which only displays the sum of the
waveform energy received.
Comparison
10/14/01 @ 03:30
Primary
2840
72
250 Sks
14.7
Class A
2 % Gel
Fresh
11.5 ppg
Company
Well Name
Top of Cement
10/14/01 @ 03:30
Primary
250 Sks
Class
14.7
A
2%
Fresh
Gel 11.5 ppg
COMMON ACRONYMS
Travel Time.TTTT2TT3SRT..E1 TT
Collar Locator.CCL
Gamma Ray.. GR
Pipe AmplitudeSA2
Bond Index.BI
Micro-Seismogram VDLMSG..Spectrum
Casing Thickness.THAV
Maximum Impedance.ZMAX
Minimum Impedance.ZMIN
Average Impedance.ZAVG AVE Z
Deviation.INCL.. DEV
Relative Bearing.RB REL BEAR
Eccentricity.ECTY
Ovality.OVAL
Mud ImpedanceMUD IMPED
CaliperCALI
Borehole VolumeBHV
Annular Hole Volume.AHV