Chapter9

AutomobileEmissionsControls
StationaryEmissionsControl
CostofEmissionsControls
ThermalPollutionfromEnergyGeneration
EcologicalEffectsofThermalPollution
CoolingTowers
UsingWasteHeat

EnergyintheNews
ThursdayEnergyRoundtableatSIPACancelled:
Notyetrescheduled

AutomobileEmissionsControls
Emissionscanbecontrolledinseveralways
Changethefuelusedbythecar
Changethewaythattheengineburnsthefuel
Decreasetheuseofcarsbysubsidizingmasstransit

ChangingtheFuel

Whatareothernamesformethanol,ethanolandcompressedgas?
Howaretheymade?Otherdrawbacksofthesefuels?

TheNewestFuel:Nitrogen
Newestalternativefuel
(reportedthisMonday)
Worksbyusing
decompressionof
Liquidnitrogento
Pushpistonsandrun
Thecarengine.
Nopollutantsatall,BUT
Technologynotmature.

ChangingtheBurningProcess
MoreefficientcarsemitlessCO2permiletraveled.
(Inthe1970s,estimatedthatcouldrun
Allcarsonethanolandmethanolderivedfrom
Fermentedbiomassifallcarsaveraged60miles
Pergallon.)
Numberisoutofdate,butatsomegasmileage
Itispossibletorunallcarsonrenewablesources
Ofhydrocarbons.
AmoryLovins:usingthebesttechnology:
Couldpotentiallybuildcars
Thatget150milespergallon.

PositiveCrankcaseVentilation
Attheedgesofthecombustion
Chamberoftheengine
(abovethepistontops),thereisa
thinlayerofgasolinethatdoes
Notburnup.Thisgasoline
Constitutesanairpollutant
(whatisitsclassification?)
Tokeepgasolinefromreturningto
Theair,thisgasolineisrecirculated
Backintothecombustionchamber.

ExhaustGasRecirculation
Exhaustgasesare
Removedfromthe
Crankcaseandthen
Recirculatedbackinto
Thecarburetor.

OtherPollutionControls
MinimizeCOandhydrocarbonsbyimprovingburning
Ofthefuel.
Toimproveburning:useleanerfuelsandincrease
Temperaturesinthecombustionchamber.
Leanerfuels:meansmixtureofairplusfuelhasmore
Airandlessfuel.
ButleanerfuelsincreaseNoxformationbecause
Burningisathighertemperaturesandmoreoxygenis
AvailabletoformNox.
Catalyticconverters:helptogetaroundtheseproblems.
Theyrequireunleadedgasoline.

AutomobileEmissionsStandards

Standardsmetbyusingcatalyticconverters,engine
Redesignandadditives(MBTE,otheroxidants).

MassTransit
ShinKanSen(BulletTrain),TGV(TrainGrandeVitesse)
BothareMAGLEV(magneticlevitation)trains
Travelatupto300km/hr(180mph)
ShinKanSen:Trainsleaveevery3hours:TokyoKyoto
TGVnotsooften
Buseslikesubways(payfarebeforegettingoninenclosedarea)
Mostefficientformofpublictransport
ExistinBrazil
Biggestproblem:Loadfactor
Ifnotusedenough,masstransitisLESSenergyefficientthancars
90%ofpublicfundsinUSusedtobuildhighways

TrueEnergyUsebyTransportation
Intheory,atrain
Is15timesmore
Energyefficientthan
Acar.
Consideringload
Factors,whatis
Themoretypical
Ratioofefficiency?
Whatisthemost
Energyefficient
Transportation?

ReducingPollutionfromStationary
Sources
Howpollutionisreduced;
1)Changethefuel
2)Changehowthefuelsburns
3)Removepollutantsafterburning
Othermethodsdontreallyreduceoverallpollution,they
Shiftitintimeorinspace,whatarethesemethods?

ShiftingthePollutioninSpace

SudburyOntario:giantastroblemeWorldsbiggestNimine
Oneoftwooldestmeteoriteimpactstructures:1.8Ga(1800Ma)
(CanadianNickels)
Niisaheavy
metal;large
quantities
Arepoisonousto
peopleandplants.
Whatdidbuildinga
Tallersmokestackat
Sudburydotothe
landscape?
(Dumpingtheslag)

ShiftingthePollutioninTime
Whydoesshiftingthetimeatwhichemissionsaremade
Affecttheresultingairquality?(Ozoneforexample).
Otherstrategiesnotsonice.(AtU.S.Mexicanborder).
ElPasoarea?

RemovingthePollution

MaryWaltoninventedanearlypollutioncontroldevice
Forfactories.

PowerPlantPollutionControl
Whatisbeing
Removedby
Theelectrostatic
Precipitator?
Bythewet
Scrubber?

FluidizedBedCombustion
KeyReaction:
CaO(lime)+1/2O2+SO2
=CaSO4(calciumsulfate)
Limestone=CaCO3
Whatelsebesidescalciumsulfate
IsemittedbyFluidizedBed
Combustion(FBC)?
FBCreducesNOxbylowering
Temperatureofburning

CleaningtheCoalbyCrushing
andSettling
FeS2orpyrite(foolsgold):
Verydense.
Canseparatefromcoalusing
Settlingtechniques.Why?
Thiscleansthecoalofpart
Ofitssulfur.
Remainingsulfur:chemically
Bondedwiththecoal.

CostofPollutionControls
Costofpollutioncontrols
Left:normalizedto100%
Costforallpollution
Controls
Right:asapercentageof
Totalpowerplantcost
(onlyonelineisrelevant)
Actualcost:typically
About1/3ofplantcost

PhysicsofWasteHeat
Q=m*c*deltaT
Qisheatadded,mismass,cisspecificheat
DeltaTisthetemperaturechange
Whatiswasteheat?
Whydoyougetalwaysgetwasteheatwhen
Yougeneratepowerusingaheatengine?

WasteHeatandWaterUse
Whichusersare
Increasingtheir
waterconsumption
themost?
1855to1980?
1980to2000?
(Graphisforthe
UnitedStates)
Why?

WasteHeatfromPowerPlants

Whichportionofthewasteheatgoestoheatupwater
Inawatercooledplant?Whichplanttypegenerates
Themostwasteheatperunitofpoweroutput?

DissolvedOxygeninWatervsT
Howdoestheamount
Ofdissolvedoxygenin
Thewaterchangeasa
Functionoftemperature?
Why?
PV=nRT

OxygenConsumptionofFishvsT
Whydofishneedmoreoxygen
Asthetemperatureofthewater
Increases?
Giventhesolubilityofoxygen
Inwaterasafunctionoftemperature
(inthepreviousslide),whathappens
tothefishifthewatergetstoohot?
Whywoulditbedifficulttopublish
Thisgraph?

Fish:ResponsetoTemperature
Soliddot:
Upperlethal
Limitfora
Givenspecies
Opendot:
BestTfor
spawning
Solidblocks:
Preferred
Temperature
Range

TemperatureandGrowthofFood
Animals
Whatistheoptimum
Temperaturefor
Hens,catfish,shrimp?

ThermalPollutionfromPowerPlants
Eutrophication:
Naturalagingof
Lakes
Promotedbywaste
Heatfrompower
Plants.
Why?

NaturalDraftCoolingTower
Whydoesthiscooling
Towerlackafan?

MechanicalDraftCoolingTower
Whydoesthistower
Needafan?
(ActivevsPassive
CoolingTower)

AirtoLiquidHeatExchanger
Whatisthe
Heatbeing
Extractedfrom?
Why?

Recuperator:Alsoextractsheat
Whyisitusefultoheatincoming
Airandcooloutgoingair
(thisisaheatengine)?

UsesofWasteHeat
Cogeneration
Aquaculture
Greenhouseheating
Desalinationofseawater
Increasecropgrowthincoldseason
Preheatair
Other??