Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introducing
Supply and Demand
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
A Tale of a Desert
When water is free of charge:
Miners consume lots of water.
Government is the only supplier of water.
When price of water is high:
Miners conserve and use less water.
Private sellers find new ways to sell more
water.
2-2
Learning Objectives
What is demand?
What is law of demand?
What factors change demand?
What is supply?
What is law of supply?
What factors change supply?
2-3
Demand
Demand
= How much consumers buy at various
prices
2-4
Quantity
Demanded
30,000
Demand curve
$P
.30
.25
$.10
24,000
.20
$.15
18,000
.10
.15
.05
$.20
12,000
.00
0
$.25
6,000
10
20
30
40
Law of Demand
Consumers buy less of a good as its price
increases and more of a good as its price
decreases.
As price increases, quantity demanded
falls and as price decreases, quantity
demanded rises.
2-7
Demand Curve
Demand Curve
= A graph that shows
demand relationship.
Negative relationship
between price and
quantity demanded.
Slope of demand curve
is negative.
Downward sloping
demand curve.
$P
.30
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
.00
0
10
20
30
40
Market Demand
Market demand = the sum total of individual
quantities demanded at each price.
Price
Bills
Janes
Sophias Market
demand demand demand demand
$.05
$.10
$.15
$.25
$.30
20
16
12
8
5
10
8
4
1
0
5
4
3
1
0
35
28
19
10
5
2-9
$P
30
25
Lose
80%
20
15
10
5
D1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Ceteris paribus:
Change in something
other than price causes
change in demand.
Shift of the entire demand
curve.
Increase in demand,
demand curve shifts to
the right.
Decrease in demand,
demand curve shifts to
the left.
$P
Win world
series
30
25
Lose
80%
20
15
10
D2
D1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
$P
Coke
=$1.00
Coke
=$.50
.73
D2
D1
0
0
10,000
25,000
$P
High
price of
burgers
Low price
of burgers
D1
D2
Quantity demanded of ketchup
2-13
$P
Low
income
Higher
income
D2
D1
Quantity demanded of sports car
2-14
$P
Higher
income
Low
income
D1
D2
Quantity demanded of pleather
2-15
2-17
Do You Know?
What is the Law of Demand?
As price increases, quantity demanded falls and as
price decreases, quantity demanded rises.
When do you move along a demand curve and
when do you move to an entirely new demand
curve?
A change in price = movement along the curve.
A change in a factor other than price = shift of the
curve.
2-18
Do You Know?
How does an increase in the price of a goods
substitute affect the demand for the original good?
= Increase in demand for the original good.
How does an increase in income affect the
demand for an inferior good?
= Decrease in demand for the inferior good.
2-19
Supply
Supply
= The quantity firms produce at various
prices.
2-20
2-21
2-22
Law of Supply
Firms produce less of a good as its price
falls and more of a good as its price
increases.
As price increases, quantity supplied rises
and as price decreases, quantity supplied
falls.
2-23
Supply Curve
Supply Curve
= A graph that shows
supply relationship.
Positive relationship
between price and
quantity supplied.
Slope of supply curve
is positive.
Upward sloping supply
curve .
$P
S
.50
.25
0
0
15,000
50,000
Market Supply
Market supply = the sum total of individual firms supply
at each price.
Price
$.05
$.10
$.15
$.25
$.30
0
0
1
3
5
0
5
8
10
20
0
0
0
5
30
0
5
9
18
55
2-25
Ceteris paribus:
Change in price causes
change in quantity
supplied.
Movement along the
same supply curve.
Change in something
other than price causes
change in supply.
Shift of the entire supply
curve.
$P
.50
Fair
weather
S1
Excellent
weather
S2
.25
0
Quantity supplied of Apples
2-26
$P
High cost
S2
Low cost
S1
Quantity supplied
2-27
2-28
$P
Wage
=$6.15
Wage
S2
=$5.15
S1
Quantity supplied
2-29
$P
Before
innovation
After
S1
innovation
S2
2-30
2-31
Do You Know?
What is the Law of Supply?
As price increases, quantity supplied rises and
as price decreases, quantity supplied falls.
What is the difference between a change in
supply vs. a change in quantity supplied?
A change in price = change in quantity supplied.
A change in a factor other than price = change in
supply.
2-32
Do You Know?
How do costs affect supply?
Increase in cost of production = decrease in
supply.
How can innovation affect supply?
Innovations and advanced technology =
increase in supply.
2-33
Summary
Increase in the price causes decrease in quantity
demanded and increase in quantity supplied.
Summary
Coming Up
How do demand and supply
determine the price in the market?
2-36