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Welding Metallurgy 2
Learning Activities
1. View Slides;
Lesson Objectives 2. Read Notes,
When you finish this lesson you will 3. Listen to lecture
understand: 4. Do on-line
• The various region of the weld where liquid workbook
does not form 5. Do homework
• Mechanisms of structure and property
changes associated with these regions
Keywords:
Heat affected zone, Base metal, Solutionizing treatment, Aging,
welding procedure, heat input, Hydrogen cracking, Carbon
equivalent, Lamellar Tearing, Reheat Cracking, Knife-line attack,
Heat Affected Zone Welding
Concerns
Heat Affected Zone Welding
Concerns
Welded In:
• Full Hard
Condition
• Solution
Annealed
Condition
Hydrogen Cracking
• Hydrogen cracking, also called cold
cracking, requires all three of these
factors
– Hydrogen
– Stress
– Susceptible microstructure (high
hardness)
• Occurs below 300°C
• Prevention by
– Preheat slows down the cooling rate;
this can help avoid martensite
formation and supplies heat to diffuse
hydrogen out of the material
– Low-hydrogen welding procedure 0.1.1.5.2.T12.95.12
Dickinson
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Why Preheat?
• Preheat reduces the temperature differential
between the weld region and the base metal
– Reduces the cooling rate, which reduces the
chance of forming martensite in steels
– Reduces distortion and shrinkage stress
– Reduces the danger of weld cracking
– Allows hydrogen to escape
0.1.1.5.1.T9.95.12
Steel
Using Preheat to Avoid
Hydrogen Cracking
• If the base material is preheated, heat flows more
slowly out of the weld region
– Slower cooling rates avoid martensite formation
• Preheat allows hydrogen to diffuse from the metal
T base Cooling rate ∝ ( T - Tbase )3
Lamellar Tearing
• Occurs in thick plate subjected to high transverse
welding stress
• Related to elongated non-metallic inclusions, sulfides
and silicates, lying parallel to plate surface and
producing regions of reduced ductility
• Prevention by
– Low sulfur steel
– Specify minimum ductility levels in transverse direction
– Avoid designs with heavy through-thickness direction stress
0.1.1.5.2.T14.95.12
Improve Cleanliness
Improve through thickness properties
Buttering
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Multipass Welds
• Heat from subsequent passes affects the
structure and properties of previous passes
– Tempering
– Reheating to form austenite
– Transformation from austenite upon cooling
• Complex Microstructure
0.1.1.5.1.T11.95.12
Steel
Multipass Welds
• Exhibit a range of
microstructures
• Variation of mechanical
properties across joint
• Postweld heat treatment
tempers the structure
– Reduces property
variations across the joint
Cracking in Welds
Reheat Cracking
• Mo-V and Mo-B steels susceptible
• Due to high temperature embrittlement of the heat-
affected zone and the presence of residual stress
• Coarse-grained region near fusion line most susceptible
• Prevention by
– Low heat input welding
– Intermediate stress relief of partially completed welds
– Design to avoid high restraint
– Restrict vanadium additions to 0.1% in steels
– Dress the weld toe region to remove possible areas of stress
concentration
0.1.1.5.2.T15.95.12
Stainless Steel