Lecture-4 Outline

What is Power Quality

Improving Power Quality
Harmonic Analysis
Total Harmonic Distortion ( THD)
Harmonics in 3-phase Systems
Harmonics in Transformers

What is Power Quality?

Definitions of the quality of the supplied voltage (what about the

current?)
Usually referred in negative contexts power quality problems
Measurement
IEC 61000-4-7 Voltage Flicker
IEC 61000-4-15 Harmonic Measurement
IEC 61000-4-30 Measurement Accuracy (Class A, Class S)
IEC 62052/3-11, 22, 23 Energy Accuracy (Class 0.2S, Class 0.5S)
Power Quality

BS:EN 50160:
In use worldwide, in favor of the utilities, voltage
only,
statistical standard
IEEE 519 and IEEE 1159: American standards, practical point of view
GOST 13019:
Russian standard, very comprehensive
G5/4:
British standard for Harmonics (also current)
Customized:
Allows the user to select the best of all, including
fault
recording, waveform capture and more

Power Quality Parameters

Frequency
Voltage Variations
Voltage Flicker
Voltage Dip

Power Quality Parameters

Interruptions

Temporary Overvoltag

Transients

Power Quality Parameters

Unbalance
Harmonics
Interharmonics

Harmonics

f ( x ) sin( x )

sin( 5 x )
f ( x)
5

sin( 5 x )
f ( x ) sin( x )
5

IEEE1159-EN50160 Levels
IEEE 1159
No Categories
.

EN50160
Typical
Spectral
Content

Typical
Duration

Typical
Voltage
Magnitude

Short Duration
Variations
Instantaneous
7

Sag

0.5-30 Cycles

0.1-0.9 pu

<1 sec

Swell

0.5-30 Cycles

1.1-1.8 pu

No

Interruption

0.5 Cycles-3s

<0.1 pu

<1 sec

10

Sag

30 Cycles-3s

0.1-0.9 pu

No

11

Swell

30 Cycles-3s

1.1-1.4 pu

No

Momentary
9

Temporary
12

Interruption

3 s-1 min

<0.1 pu

No

13

Sag

3 s-1 min

0.1-0.9 pu

No

14

Swell

3 s-1 min

1.1-1.2 pu

No

THD-Total Harmonic
Distortion
2

THD(V)

THD(I)

100 ( V 2 V 3 ..... V n )

100 (

2
2

I
I

(%)

.....

2
n

(%)

IN, VN Individual Harmonics of order N

TDD - Total Demand

Distortion

)TDD( I " . -

)(%

2
n

.....

2
3

max demand

( 100

TDD(I)

- I max. demand
15 30 .
%THD I "

.
IEEE .% TDD

K-Factor

K factor I
n

h 1

2
h

Agenda
What is Power Quality
Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards

Should we Care about Power

Quality?
Comprehensive Research in Europe in 1400 sites at 8
countries reports that 20% experience the following:
Computer lockouts (20%)
Light flickering (22%)
Electronic card failures (18%)
Power Factor correction system failures (17%)
Failures in high load switching (16%)
Neutral conductor overheating (12%)
Unexpected breaker operation (11%)
Power meters inaccurate readings (6%)
And of course excess losses and downtime

Causes and Solutions

PQ Problem

Major Sources

Solutions

Frequency

The Utility

Voltage
variations

Load changing

Sync. loads,
Fast PF correction

Voltage flicker

Load changing, mainly

welding

Fast PF correction

Voltage dip

Motor and other load

startups

Motor starters, VFD,

Fast PF correction

Interruptions

The Utility

Overvoltage

Over PF compensation

Transients

Connections, Switching Controlled switches

Unbalance

Unbalanced loads,
transformer phase
shift

Balance the loads

Harmonics

Non linear loads,

resonance

Active/passive filtration,
detuned capacitors,
Improved VFD operation

Fast PF correction