CHAPTER 4

GENERAL
FEATURES
OF CELLS

Learning outcomes
Section 4.2
1. Compare and contrast the general
structural features of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
2. Explain how the proteome underlies the
structure and function of cells
3. State the cell theory and explain its
meaning
4. Define the vocabulary terms introduced
in this chapter
2

Define the term genome

1. The entire complement of a species
genetic material.
2. Every living cell contains a copy of its
genome.
3. Genes, within each species genome,
contains the information to create cells
with particular structures and functions.
3

Define: proteome of a cell

1. All the types and relative amounts
of proteins that are made in a
particular cell at a particular time
and under specific conditions.
2. Determines a cells structure and
function.

Prokaryotic = Before the nucleus

What are the 2 categories of prokaryotes ?
bacteria and archaea
Which type of environment is usually home
to Archaea ?
extreme environments

Describe the organization of

prokaryotic cells

Question
1. Do Prokaryotic cells have DNA ?
A. YES
B. NO
C. Only in ribosomes
D. Yes, in ribosomes and in the
cytoplasm
7

Compare the organization of animal

and plant eukaryotic cells

 Plasma membrane
Nucleus with
nucleolus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (R&S)
Golgi Body
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic
Animal Cell

Cell Wall
Plasma membrane
Nucleus with nucleolus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(R&S)
Golgi Body
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic
Plant Cell

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Compare and contrast basic cell structures

of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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Learning Outcomes
Section 4.3
1. Identify the location of the cytosol in an
eukaryotic cell and list its functions
2. Describe the three types of protein
filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
and list their functions
3. Explain how motor proteins interact with
microtubules or actin filaments to promote
cellular movement
4. Define axoneme and explain its
importance in flagella and cilia 12

Define cytosol and the cytoplasm

What is the Cytosol of a cell and where is it
located ?
Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the
cell organelles but inside the plasma
membrane; includes the endomembrane
system and the semiautonomous organelles
What is the cytoplasm of a cell ?
Cytoplasm includes everything inside the
plasma membrane
13

List important cytoskeleton elements and

explain their function.
There are the 3 three types of protein filaments that
makeup the cytoskeleton of the cell
Microtubules
Cell shape
Chromosome sorting
Intracellular movement of cargo
Centrosome or microtubule-organizing center in
animals
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Intermediate filaments
Cell shape
Anchorage of cell & nuclear
membranes
Actin filaments
Cell shape & movement
Cell division
Intracellular movement of
cargo

15

Motor Proteins

16

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW4F0Nu-UY

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Learning Outcomes
Section 4.4: Nucleus and endomembrane system
1. Describe the structure and organization of the cell
nucleus
2. Outline the structures and general functions of
the components of the endomembrane system
3. Distinguish between the difference between the
structure and function of smooth and rough ER
4. Identify three important functions of the plasma
membrane

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Nuclear envelope
Function of the nuclear envelope
Keep DNA inside & allow RNA, proteins,
ribosomes, etc. to pass in & out

20

Function of the nucleolus

Site for Ribosome assembly

21

Identify the different parts of the

endomembrane system and know their
functions
Organelles involved in the
endomembrane system
Nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
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Endoplasmic reticulum: rough & smooth

23

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A. Network of membranes that form flattened,
fluid-filled tubules or cisternae
B. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Studded with ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis and sorting

C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Lacks ribosomes
Detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium
balance, synthesis and modification of lipids
24

Describe the role of ribosomes in protein

synthesis
Function of a ribosome is to synthesize proteins
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have ribosomes
Eukaryotic ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm, on
rough endoplasmic reticulum, in mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Prokaryotic ribosomes are in the cytoplasm and some
are attached to the plasma membrane

25

Golgi Body (Apparatus)

Stack of flattened, membrane-bounded
compartments, which are not continuous
with the ER
Function: Secretion, processing, and
protein sorting

26

Peroxisomes
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Catalyze chemical reactions, typically
those that break down molecules by
removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

27

Lysosomes
Contain acid hydrolases that perform
hydrolysis
Break down proteins, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids, and lipids
Autophagy: cells recycling system

28

Vacuoles
Central vacuoles in plants for storage and
support
Contractile vacuoles in protists for
expelling excess water
Phagocytic vacuoles in protists and white
blood cells for degradation

29

Why do cells need a plasma membrane ?

Boundary between the cell and the
extracellular environment
Membrane transport in and out of cell
Selectively permeable
Cell signaling using receptors
Cell adhesion

30

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Learning Outcomes
Section 4.5: Semiautonomous Organelles
1. Outline the structures and general
functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts
2. Discuss the evidence for the
endosymbiosis theory

32

Define the term semiautonomous and

outline the general functions of organelles
in this category.
Mitochondria, chloroplasts,
and peroxisomes
What does it mean to be
semiautonomous ?
Can reproduce, but need
direction and materials from
the cell. Has its own DNA,
RNA and makes proteins
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Mitochondria
Composed of
Outer and inner membrane
Intermembrane space and mitochondrial
matrix
Functions of the mitochondria ?
Primary role is to make ATP
synthesis, modification, and breakdown of
several types of cellular molecules
Generate heat in brown fat cells
34

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NvK4PUgzmY&
feature=related

35

36

Chloroplast
Outer and inner
membrane with an
intermembrane
space
Third membrane,
the thylakoid
membrane, forms
flattened tubules
that stack to form a
granum (plural,
Compare & contrast
grana)
chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Function:
Photosynthesis
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Learning Outcomes
Section 4.6: Protein Sorting to Organelles
1. List which categories of proteins are sorted
cotranslationally and which are sorted posttranslationally
2. Describe the steps that occur during the
cotranslational sorting of proteins to the
endoplasmic reticulum
3. Explain how porteins are moved via vesicles
through the endomembrane system
4. Outline the steps of post-translational sorting of
proteins to mitochondria
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Cotranslational sorting: proteins to the ER

40

Post-translational sorting of protein to the

mitochondrial matrix

41

Endosymbiosis
Theory

42

The function of chaperone proteins

43

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