INTRODUCTION

Broadband is defined by Telecom Regulatory

Authority of India(TRAI).
Broadband is an always-on data connection that is
able to support interactive services.
It has the capability of minimum download speed
of 256kbps.
Broadband is designed to provide Digital
Subscriber Link(DSL) services across the entire
country.
It provides services utilizing
underground cable resources.

the

existing

It is a cost effective technology.

It provides high speed internet services to the
users.
Transmission of digital information from one
device to another is the basic function.

BROADBAND ACCESS
Broadband access connects individual computer
terminals and computer networks to the Internet.
It enables the users to access Internet services.
Internet service providers (ISPs) offer Internet
access to the public through various technologies
that offer a wide range of data signaling rates
(speeds).
In modern world people demand greater speed.
So ISPs provide tools to measure the speed of
internet access.

BROADBAND ACCESS
TECHNOLOGIES

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBERS LINE (DSL)

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a technology that
provides digital data transmission over the existing
wires of local telephone network.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a broadband highspeed Internet technology that brings highbandwidth information to home and offices over
ordinary copper telephone lines.
DSL takes advantage of the unused bandwidth in
existing telephone cable lines.
DSL operates above the 3.4kHz since these
frequencies are allocated for voice transmission.

FEATURES OF DSL:
Distance- sensitive technology.
Internet connection is always ON.
Simultaneous use of the phone line for voice
as
well as data traffic.
Internet Connection is highly reliable and
secure.
High Speed (Mbps) . In a regular modem (56
Kbps max).

BASIC DSL NETWORK

TYPES OF DSL

ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

VDSL(Very high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line)
SDSL(Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line )
RADSL(Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line)
HDSL(High bit/data rate Digital Subscriber Line)
ISDN DSL(Integrated Service Digital Network)

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL):

Most home and small business users typically use
ADSL.
The transfer of data from the internet to PC is
much faster than the transfer from PC to internet.
Downstream speeds for ADSL range from
1.59Mbps, while upstream speeds are up to
1.5Mbps.

(VDSL):
Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line.
Provides high speed internet connection.
Works only over a short distance.

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL):

Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line.
Does not allows to use the phone at the same
time.
Internet speed of upstream and downstream are
same.

Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL):

Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line.
This service is a variation of ADSL .
Here the modem can adjust the internet speed .

(HDSL):
High bit/data rate Digital Subscriber Line.
It was the first DSL technology that used a higher
frequency spectrum of copper, twisted pair cables.
(ISDN DSL):
Integrated Service Digital Network Digital
Subscriber Line.
Symmetric data rates of upto144 kbps can be
accessed using existing phone lines.
Capable of using the same modem or terminal
adaptor used for ISDN and is always available.

ADVANTAGES

DSL service is always ON and we can still use the

phone for voice calls.
Broadband speed is much faster than dial up
service.
Fixed monthly billing, regardless of time usage.
Digital data is directly transmitted to computer
as digital data which uses much wider bandwidth
for transmitting.

DISADVANTAGES

As you move away from the central office , the

connection becomes slower.
This results is distortion of signal.

CABLE MODEM
A "Cable Modem" is a device that allows highspeed access to the Internet via a cable TV (CATV)
network.
The cable modem attaches to computer through
an Ethernet Network Interface Card.
It takes a signal from the computer and converts
it for transmission over the cable network.
A cable modem connects to a PC using the same
coaxial cable that brings all channels to your
television.
India has a cable penetration of 80 million
homes, offering a vast network for control the

Cable connectivity

CONNECTIVITY
Ethernet 10BaseT is the most predominant
method.
Your Cable Company supplies you with a
connection to your home which in turn is connected
to a splitter box.
One spur from the splitter box is connected to
your TV through a TV Adapter.
The other being connected to your Cable Modem,
which in turn is connected to your computer
through an Ethernet connection.
Cable modems can be part modem, part tuner,
part encryption / decryption device, part bridge,
part router, part NIC card and part Ethernet hub.

ADVANTAGES
High-Speed Internet Access
High Availability
High bandwidth to low cost
No new software is required
Always on Connectivity
No reconstruction of cable system is required

DISADVANTAGES
Traffic congestion on the net
Higher security risk than dialup connections
Always on Connectivity
Usually tied with cable TV subscription

OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGY

Communications systems that carry information
through a guided fiber cable are called fiber optic
systems.
It can function as a waveguide, or light pipe, to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires because
signals travel along them with less loss.
Optical fibers are also immune to electromagnetic
interference.

WORKING
Total Internal Reflection:
Total internal reflectionis a phenomenon that
happens when a propagatingwavestrikes a medium
boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical
anglewith respect to the normalto the surface.
If therefractive indexis lower on the other side of
the boundary and the incident angle is greater than
the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and
is entirelyreflected.
Thecritical angleis theangle of incidenceabove
which the total internal reflectance occurs.

 When a wave crosses a boundary between

materials with different kinds of refractive indices,
the wave will be partiallyrefracted at the boundary
surface, and partially reflected.

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER

Single Mode fiber
Multimode fiber
Basic Difference in Different types of fiber optics is
in its number of cores.
For multimode 62.5 microns in diameter.
For Single Mode about 9 microns in
diameter.

ADVANTAGES
Most Reliable
High Speed Networking (gigabytes per second)
Long distance communications
Data Security
Eliminating Spark Hazards
Ease Of Installation
Economical (Fewer Repeater)
Long Lasting

POWER LINE COMMUNICATION (PLC)

PLC is the technology which is used to
communicate between electric substations
through existing electrical cables.
It is mainly used for telecommunication, telemonitoring and tele-protection between electric
substations through power lines at high voltages.
The data can be transfer at 9.6Kbits/sec over
many miles of electrical cable.

PLC SYSTEM

PLC TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER

PRINCIPLE
In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and
insulation level of high voltage power lines result in
increased reliability and lower attenuation over longdistance.
Since telephone communication system can not be
directly connected to the high voltage lines, suitably
designed coupling devices have to be employed.
Coupling devices consists of high voltage
capacitors in conjunction with suitable line matching
units for line impedance matching to that of the coaxial cable connecting the unit to the PLC transmitreceive equipment.

EQUIPMENTS USED:
PLCC Station
Line Matching Unit (LMU)
Control Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Earth switching
Lightning Arrestor
Wave Trap
Co axial Cable

ADVANTAGES
No separate wires are needed.
Power lines have appreciably higher mechanical
strength.
Power lines usually provide the shortest route.
Power lines are well insulated to provide only
negligible leakage.
Largest spacing between conductors reduces
capacitance, which results in smaller attenuation
at high frequencies.

DISADVANTAGES
Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier
equipment and persons using them against high
voltages and currents on the lines.
High voltage lines and Sub-station equipments
adversely affect the carrier currents.
Noise introduced by power lines is far more than
in case of telephone lines. This is due to the noise
generated by discharge across insulators, corona
and switching processes.
The noise is also introduced in the signal due to
bad weather conditions.

3G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
This is thethird generation
telecommunications technology.

of

mobile

This is based on a set of standards used

formobile devices and mobile telecommunication
services and network with theInternational Mobile
Telecom- 2000 (IMT-2000).
3G telecommunication networks support services
that provide an information transfer rate of at least
200kbps.
The communication spectrum between 400MHz
to 3GHz was allocated for 3G.

FEATURES
Data rates:
ITU has not provided a cleardefinition of the data
rate that can be provided by 3G.
It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher
transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2Mbit/s
for stationary or walking users, and 384kbps in a
moving vehicle.
The ITU does not clearly specify minimum
required rates, nor required average rates, nor
what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so
various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.

Security:
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G
predecessors.
By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to
authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user
can be sure the network is the intended one and not
an impersonator.
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure
security, end-to-end security is offered when
application frameworks such as IMS are accessed.

APPLICATIONS
The bandwidth and location information available
to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of
the applications are:
Mobile TV
Video on demand
Video Conferencing
Telemedicine
Location-based services
Global Positioning System (GPS)

WI-FI
The term Wi-Fi suggests Wireless Fidelity which
provides high fidelity.
Wi-Fi refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications
standard for Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs).
Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other,
to the internet and to the wired network.
The purpose of Wi-Fi is to hide complexity by
enabling wireless access to applications and data,
media and streams.

 The main aims of Wi-Fi are:

Make access to information easier
Ensure compatibility and co-existence of
devices
Eliminate complex cabling
Eliminate switches, adapters, plugs, pins and
connectors

ELEMENTS OF WI-FI
Access Point (AP):
The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or base
station.
They can connect one or many wireless devices
simultaneously to the Internet.
Wi-Fi cards:
They accept the wireless signal and relay
information.
They can be internal and external.

Safeguards:
Firewalls and anti-virus software protect
networks from uninvited users and keep
information secure.

TOPOLOGIES
AP BASED TOPOLOGY:
The client communicate through Access Point.
BSA-RF coverage provided by an AP.
ESA-It consists of 2 or more BSA.
ESA cell includes 10-15% overlap to allow
roaming.

PEER TO PEER TOPOLOGY:

AP is not required.
Client devices within a cell can communicate
directly with each other.
It is useful for setting up of a wireless network
quickly and easily.

POINT TO MULTIPOINT BRIDGE TOPOLOGY:

This is used to connect a LAN in one building to
LANs in other buildings even if the buildings are
miles apart. These conditions receive a clear
line of sight between buildings.
The line-of-sight range varies based on the type
of wireless bridge and antenna used as well as
the environmental conditions.

ADVANTAGES
Mobility
Ease of Installation
Flexibility
Cost
Reliability
Security
Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
Roaming
Speed

DISADVANTAGES
Interference
Degradation in performance
High power consumption
Limited range

FREE SPACE OPTICS

Free Space Optics communications, also called
Free Space Photonics (FSP) or Optical Wireless,
refers to the transmission of visible and infrared (IR)
beams through the atmosphere to obtain optical
communications.
Like fiber, Free Space Optics uses lasers and LED
to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data
stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the
air.
Free space optical communication is an effective

ELEMENTS OF FSO

The electrical signal is converted to optical power

and transmitted through the air.

 After undergoing the influences of the timedispersive channel and ambient light, the optical signal
is directly translated into a photocurrent at the
detector.
The electrical SNR in optical links depends on the
square of the optical power, which has a deep impact
on both design and performance of OW systems.

ADVANTAGES
Unlimited use of spectrum by individual networks
Huge bandwidth
High speed with inexpensive components
Less power loss
Reusable
Low power consumption

DISADVANTAGES
High Launch Power represents eye hazard.
Light Interference negatively affects system
performance.
Low Power Source requires high sensitive
receivers.
Signal Scattering results in multipath impairment.
Alignment Leads to more operation constraints.

SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY

A satellite is

basically

self-contained

communications system with the ability to receive

signals from Earth and to retransmit those signals back
with

the

use

of

a transponderan

integrated

receiver and transmitter of radio signals.

They can operate at a very high reliability of more
than 99.9 percent in the vacuum of space

THE ORBITS
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (600 to
1600km)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
(10000Km)
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
(35,200 km)
A satellite in a geostationary orbit
appears, from earth, to be in a fixed
position.
This is because it revolves around the
earth at the earth's ownangular
velocity(360 degrees every 24 hours, in an

ADVANTAGES
Can reach over large geographical area
Flexible
Easy to install new circuits
Broadcast possibilities
Provision of service to remote or Underdeveloped areas
User has control over own network
Less distortion and interference
Easy to regenerate
Low error rates
Security

DISADVANTAGES
Large up front capital costs (space
segment and launch)
Interference and propagation delay
Congestion of frequencies and orbits

APPLICATIONS
Telephone
Satellite television
Direct broadcast satellite
Digital cinema
Mobile satellite technologies
Satellite radio
Satellite Internet
Military uses