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Constituent
Tricalcium
Silicate
Dicalcium
Silicate
Tricalcium
Aluminate
Tetracalcium
aluminofeeri
te
Others
Symbol
C3S
%
45
C2S
30
C3A
10
C4AF
Cement contd.
Portland cement consists of a number of
silicate minerals
Cement mixed with water sets as a function
of time due to several hydration reactions
Water binds the sheet like silicate
molecules together, thereby hardening the
cement
Concrete sized aggregate of rocks
embedded in a cement matrix, which binds
the rock pieces together
Polymers
Polymers
Classification:
(i) thermoplasts (ii) thermosets
Thermoplasts:
Long chain polymerization, proceeds linearly
have increasing plasticity, i.e., increasing ability to
deform plastically with increasing temperature
Long chain molecules are held together by secondary
bonds
Secondary bonds between the chains are broken more
readily therefore easily mouldable and finally melts
Polymers contd.
Thermosets:
Three dimensional net work of primary bonds
because polymerization proceeds in all directions
Relatively hard at room temperature and do not
soften on heating
Become harder due to completion of any let-over
polymerization reaction
Decompose before melting due to their reaction
with atmospheric oxygen
Ex: Bakelite used for electrical insulation
Contd.
Elastomers:
Long chain molecules exhibiting the
unique rubbery behaviour
Structure of long chain polymers:
H
-C=CH
-C-CH
Contd.
sp3 hybridization tetrahedrally bonded
R1
R3
R2
R4
monomer
Contd.
Degree of polymerization
This is the No. of repeating monomers in a
chain
M.wt of polymer = degree of polymerization x
m.w of
monomer
M.w in the range 10 000 to 1 000 000
Name
Monomer unit
Uses
R1 R2 R3 R4
Polyethylene
(polythene)
Polyvinyl chloride H
(PVC)
Cl Electrical
insulation,
gramaphone
records
H H
Polypropylene
Sheets,tubes,
Containers
CH3 Ropes,filaments,
vacuum
flasks,flashlight
casings
Polymethylmetha H H CH3
crylate(Plexiglass COOCH3
)
Transparent
windows &
fixtures
Polystyrene
Styrofoam, sound
H H
H C6H5
Polytetrafluoroeth F F
ylene(PTFE)
(Teflon)
Poyacrylonitrile
(Orlon)
H H H CN
Polyamide fibers
O
CH2
CH2
N
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
N
CH2
N
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
N
CH2
Polyester fibers
O
cellulose
Main
CH2OH
CH O
- O CH
CH
CH CH
HO
OH
Contd.
Alignment of long chains gives wood its highly
directional properties
Tensile strength more in the longitudinal
direction compared to transverse direction
Rayon-i.e., regenerated cellulose is natural
cellulose rendered highly crystalline
Cotton is related to natural plant fiber
If the wrinkles in the long chain molecules of
cotton are removed permanently, shrink
resistant, sanforized cotton is obtained
Natural rubber
Isoprene is the monomer unit
Side groups in the monomer are both on
the same side of the molecule this is the
reason for the natural tendency for the
molecule to bend and promote rubbery
behavior
H
H CH3
C=CC=C
H
H H CH3H
CC=CC-H
H
Contd.
Natural rubber tapped from tree is a viscous
liquid long isoprene molecules are able to flow
past one another at room temperatures
Raw rubber heated with S gives elastomer
cross linking takes place the process is called
vulcanization, remaining double bond also gets
saturated
Degree of vulcanization determines the stiffness
of rubber
Cross links increased rubber becomes more
rigid
Contd.
Ex: cycle tube is less vulcanized than a
rubber tyre
When all the double bonds are used up by
sulfur bridges, a three dimensional
network of primary bonds results
Ex: ebonite hard and brittle
Cryatallinity (contd.)
Crystallinity
Different arrangements of
polymers
Atactic: