Wireless

Communication
and Networks
Upena Dalal

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights

Chapter 1
Fundamentals and
present scenario

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Key Topics

Fundamental terms of communication

Wireless communication link model
Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Types of signals
Types of communication systems
Wired vs Wireless Communication
Types of wireless systems
Existing technologies and requirements
Evolution of wireless systems
First-to-fourth generation wireless systems
Licensed and unlicensed band communication
Spectrum policies

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Interdisciplinary learning model for

wireless communication

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Fundamental terms of
communication
Information---It is analog/digital form messages or
meaningful data to be received
Modulation---It is Process by which a signal is
transformed into waveforms that are compatible with
the channel requirements
Carrier---It is the frequency over which actual
communication is done
Transmitter---It is system that prepares the signal to
transmit over the channel
Channel---It is media through which signal propagates
Receiver---It is system that receives the signal and
interpret the messages

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Types of Channel

Simplex---one way communication

Half duplex---bidirectional but on
switching basis, one way at a time
Full duplex---bidirectional and
simulteneous

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Noise addition in the signal over

the channel

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Basic model of wireless digital

communication link

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About the blocks

Source Encoder-Decoder---Encoder does the job of

digitization and compression as per the information
theory. Decoder does the reverse tasks
Encryption and decryption are for secure
presentation of the message
Channel Coder-Decoder---Coder adds structured
redundancy to mitigate channel errors. Decoder
tries to remove the error
Other peer stages are modulator-demodulator, IF to
RF frequency up converter at the transmitting end
and RF to IF down converter at receiving end

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Additional tasks at transmitter

Sending training sequences for channel estimation

and equalization and also for synchronization
Filtering for allowing certain frequencies, pulse
shaping to reduce the bandwidth and windowing to
reduce out of band components are few actions at
the transmitter end.

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Additional tasks at the receiver

The peer and reverse tasks of that of transmitter

mentioned in the previous slide are performed at
the receiver.
Apart from that estimation and equalization
process for channel corrections and phase
corrections respectively.
Following are the desirable receiver
characteristics:
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Fidelity
Noise Figure
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Bandwidth
No universally satisfying definition of bandwidth
Spectrum of a signal is the collective representation
of all the frequency contents along with their
amplitude weights. It is used to characterize a signal,
which can be the input signal as well as baseband or
broadband to be transmitted. Correspondingly, this is
called the signal or transmission bandwidth.
Channel allocated to the user or application is
identified as channel bandwidth.
While designing the transceiver hardware, certain
frequency components are allowed, is called system
bandwidth.
Transmission or system bandwidths must be less
than or equal to channel bandwidth.
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Bit rate, symbol rate and baud

rate
Bit is the smallest unit representing a binary level of
the digital signal. Digital data transfer is normally
measured in bits per second unit. Group of bits in
general is called symbols or words.
When the number of bits are processed together at
modulator front end for amplitude and phase
mapping, they are called symbols and rate of
bit rate
transfer is measured into symbol
rate and measured
the number of
bits transmitt ed with each symbol
in symbols per second
unit.

Symbol rate =
Each symbol represents M finite states. Each symbol
represents k bits of information, where, k = log2M
Baud rate is the rate of change of signalling or
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