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Hydrological cycle and

hydrology

Meteoric ground water Water from


rainfall and melting of snow

Infiltration
Occurs through
Open fractures such as joints in exposed rock
Cracks such as in zones of tensile stress
Pores of superficial deposits which cover most
areas
Vegetation maintains a delicate porous

structure of many superficial deposits and


ground covered by vegetation has more
uniform filtration than bare ground.
Once the voids in the ground are full of
water this can result in flooding.

Percolation:
Downward movement of water to the

saturated zone at depth.

Ground water flow


Local flows (near surface) Those move

fastest
Intermediate flows they move deeper and
slower than local flows
Regional flows At great depths. Very slow
Connate water Water in deeply buried

sediments (>4km)

Aquifers and aquicludes


Aquifers Are rock and soil formations that

transmit water with ease through their pores


Aquicludes Are rock and soil formations that
transmit water with difficulty
Fracture transmit more water than pores
Stratiform aquifers
Confined if they are buried by impermeable
strata
Unconfined Exposed at the earths surface
greatest circulation of groundwater
Anisotropy Permeability is different in different

directions.

Hydrological boundaries
Geological boundaries stratification

(bedding planes)

Aquifers
Aquifer aquiclude boundaries
Termination of aquifers by faults
Unconformities and igneous intrusions

Hydrological boundaries define the volume

of water stored

Water table
Spring lines
Coastal and shore lines
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs

Springs
Spring line is defines by the intersection of

the water table with ground level

The freshwater-seawater boundary


An extensive zone of diffusion (brackish) may

exist. Eg: In Egypt facing the Mediterranean


Sea

Wells and water level


Water table well water occurs at the same

level as the surrounding water table


Sub artesian well water rises above the
surrounding water table level, but does not
overflow.
Artesian (overflowing) well water rises in
the well above the surrounding water table
and overflows

Soil water, permeability and


flow

Subsurface water:
All water found beneath the earths

surface
Main source is rainfall
At greater depths (>12000m) due to large
pressures involved the interstices have
been closed by plastic flow of the rocks.
Saturation zone
Depth throughout which all the fissures are
filled with water under hydrostatic pressures.

Water within this zone is called phreatic water


or ground water
Another definition of water table is the level to
which water will eventually rise in an unlimited
borehole.

Aeration zone
This zone occurs between the water table and
the surface
Capillary fringe Due to capillarity water is drawn up
above the water table into the interstices of the soil.
Intermediate belt Percolates downward to the water
table a certain amount is held in the soil by this action
of surface tension, capillarity and absorption
Soil belt Constantly affected by evaporation and plant
transpiration. Soil water in atmospheric equilibrium is
called hygroscopic pressure.

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