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hydrology
Infiltration
Occurs through
Open fractures such as joints in exposed rock
Cracks such as in zones of tensile stress
Pores of superficial deposits which cover most
areas
Vegetation maintains a delicate porous
Percolation:
Downward movement of water to the
fastest
Intermediate flows they move deeper and
slower than local flows
Regional flows At great depths. Very slow
Connate water Water in deeply buried
sediments (>4km)
directions.
Hydrological boundaries
Geological boundaries stratification
(bedding planes)
Aquifers
Aquifer aquiclude boundaries
Termination of aquifers by faults
Unconformities and igneous intrusions
of water stored
Water table
Spring lines
Coastal and shore lines
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs
Springs
Spring line is defines by the intersection of
Subsurface water:
All water found beneath the earths
surface
Main source is rainfall
At greater depths (>12000m) due to large
pressures involved the interstices have
been closed by plastic flow of the rocks.
Saturation zone
Depth throughout which all the fissures are
filled with water under hydrostatic pressures.
Aeration zone
This zone occurs between the water table and
the surface
Capillary fringe Due to capillarity water is drawn up
above the water table into the interstices of the soil.
Intermediate belt Percolates downward to the water
table a certain amount is held in the soil by this action
of surface tension, capillarity and absorption
Soil belt Constantly affected by evaporation and plant
transpiration. Soil water in atmospheric equilibrium is
called hygroscopic pressure.