STATE ESTIMATION

TECHNIQUES
Advanced Power System-II

Introduction
State estimation is a methodology that provides the
best possible approximation for the state of the
system by processing the available information.
STATE:
The complete solution of the power system is
known if all voltages and angles are identified at
each bus.
These quantities are the state variables of the
system.
In power system, the states are
Voltage magnitudes and angles
Current magnitudes and angles
Power flows
Circuit Breaker status

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Reasons for state estimation:
To estimate unmeasured variables
To improve overall efficiency
To detect bad measurements
To detect invalid topologies

Schematic Block Diagram

of State Estimation

OBJECTIVES OF STATE
ESTIMATION
a) Online Applications
Provides large real-time database for online
security analysis, inconsistency detection, faultdiagnosis, and related display functions
Facilitates real-time power flow optimization,
thereby
leading
to
a
minimization
of
supplementary sensing and telemetry hardware,
which results in a reduction in capital expenditure.
Builds in excellence in a number of control,
dispatch and record keeping functions by
improving the quality of data.

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Offline Applications:
Planning and design of the state estimation
database to acquire information for central control
and dispatch in the most cost-effective manner.
Other portable applications are in the areas of
systems operation, information system planning
and design.

STATE ESTIMATOR

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The state estimator detects bad or inaccurate data by
using statistical techniques. For this, state estimators
are designed such that they have well-defined error
limits and are based on the number, types and
accuracy of measurements.
The state estimator approximates the power flows and
voltages at a bus whose measurements are not
available because of RTU failure or breakdown of
telephone or a communication link. Under such a
conditions, the state estimator is required to make
available a set of measurements to replace missing or
defective data.
The state estimator uses
Set of measurements available from RTU.
System configuration supplied by the topological

POWER SYSTEM STATE

ESTIMATION

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The State Estimation(SE) estimates the state of the
system based on a set of real-time measurements. The
state of the system defines the operating conditions of
the system and is usually chosen as the bus voltage
magnitudes and angles. Thus, for a system of N buses,
the state of the system x contains N bus voltage
magnitudes and N-1 bus voltage angle (one of the bus
voltage angle is chosen as the reference.)
That is
x=[2,.., N V1,..,VN]
(1)
Note that once the state of the system is determined
then any quantity in the system, such as line flows and
power injection at any bus can be calculated.

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Since it is not feasible to measure and telemeter the
system state directly, in practice, other variables-mostly
the ones that are important for the monitoring of the
system, such as power generation from generation
plants, load at important substation and power flows at
important lines-are telemetered to the control Centre.
Let, y denote the set of such measurements. As
indicated before, the SE estimates the system state x
based on these measurements by making use of the
relationships between the measurements and the state
variables.
Consider, for example the measurements on small
system is shown in fig.

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If we represent the line by its total series impedance per phase
y12, then the system model for state estimation becomes the
one shown in fig., and thus the measurements can be
expressed in terms of state variables x = [ 2 V1 V2] as
yi = hi (x) [where i = 1,2m]....(2)
Where the function hi (x) is called the measurement function
corresponding to the measurements yi .
Note that the equality in equation-(2) would hold if the
measurements and the model were perfect. However, the
actual measurements and the model may contain errors.
Assume that we can have an accurate system model,
Equation-(2) can be modified to include the measurements
error as
Yi = hi (x) + ri , i=1,2.,m ..(3)

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Where, ri = the error in measurements i. Hence, for
the general case, we have a set of m equations
relating m measurements to n states
y = h(x) + r.......................................(4)

Least Square Estimation

Let x be the vector of n random variables (i.e. x1, x2,
x3,..xn) and y be the vector of m (m > n)variables
(i.e. y1, y2,.,yn)
y assume
Hx r..........
...(5)as
Let us
that..........
both ..........
x and..........
y are..........
related
y1
h11
h
y
2

21
. .
.
.
y
h
n
m1

h12
h22
.
.
hm 2

...
...
...
...

h1n
h2 n
.
.
hmn

x1
r1
x
r
2

2
. .
.
.
x
r
n
n

In equation (5), H is known as co-efficient matrix of

dimension
(m x n)
In equation (5), r is represents a noise(random error)

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Equation (5) can be written as

r=y-Hx(6)
But the vector r is assume to be of zero mean, so
equation (6) becomes
=H
[r=zero mean= 0]
Where, =expected values of x and = expected values of
y
By using Least Square Estimation (LSE) to obtain the best
estimate of vector x from the available data of vector y.
We assume that is the desired estimate of x so that the
estimate of y is given by
= H..(7)

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= - (8)
= - (9)
In LSE is the desired estimate and it can be computed
by minimizing the estimation index is given by
= . (10)
Now compare equation (7) and (9), we get
-=H
= - H (11)
Take transpose both the side
= - H(12)

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=( - H)( - H )
- H - H + H H (13)
To minimize , following the condition
H - H + 2 H H = 0
- H - H + 2 H H = 0
[ H = H ]
-2 H + 2 H H = 0
H H - H ...(14)
H H = H
=
= . ..(15)

Weighted Least Square

Estimation(WLSE) Method

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Non-Linear
Measurements

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Static State Estimation of Power

System

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Tracking State Estimation of

Power System

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External System
Equivalency

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External System
Equivalencing

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Treatment of Bad Data

Bad Data Detection and

Identification

Bad Data Detection

Chi-Square Probability
Density Function

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Steps To Bad Data

Identification

Suppression of Bad Data

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Application of State
Estimation

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