LATHE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

 Probably the oldest machine tool

Removes undesired material from a
rotating w/p in the form of chips with
the help of a tool
Tool can be traversed across the w/p
Can fed into the w/p
Produce cylindrical & plane surfaces
Also produce tapers
Parts as small as that used in
watches to huge parts
GS, SCTCE

Lathe Specification
Height of the centres measured above lathe bed
Maximum dia that can be rotated above the bed
ways
Dia over carriage
Distance between two centres
Bed length
Range of spindle speed
Range of metric threads that can be cut
Gear ratio
Power rating of electric motor
GS, SCTCE

IMPORTANT PARTS
1) BED

Base or foundation of lathe

Rigid casting made in one piece
Holds and supports all other parts of lathe
Top portion is planed to form guide ways for
the carriage & tail stock
Usually made of cast iron

GS, SCTCE

2) HEAD STOCK
Permanently fastened to the inner ways at left
hand end of the bed
Serves to support spindle and driving
arrangements
Lathes receive their power through the head
stock

GS, SCTCE

3)TAIL STOCK

T2:reduction gear box (optional)

T3:body
T4:adjustable base
T5:spindle
T1:feed screw
T6:locking lever
GS, SCTCE

 Situated right end of the bed

Support right end of work
Also used for holding and feeding
tools such as drill, reamers, taps etc.
Body is adjustable on the base & can
be moved to and fro

GS, SCTCE

4) CARRIAGE

1: Tool post,
2: top-slide,
2a: top-slide feed screw and
2b: Compound portion of top
(protractor),
3: cross-slide,
3a: cross-slide scale,
3b: cross-slide feed screw an
4: saddle,
5: apron,
5a: carriage hand wheel,
5b: half-nuts lever,
5c: feed lever

GS, SCTCE

 Carriage controls & supports the cutting tool

Located between head stock & tail stock
Moved manually or with power

SADDLE :H-shaped casting fitted over bed

it moves along guide ways
CROSS SLIDE :Carries compound rest & tool post
COMPOUND REST :Supports tool post
May be swiveled on the cross slide to any angle in the horizontal plane
Used during taper turning
TOOL POST :Hold various cutting tools
APRON :Fastened to the saddle
Hangs over the front of the bed
Has gears, levers & clutches to move the carriage
Converts rotary motion of the feed shaft or the lead screw to
translatory motion
GS, SCTCE

WORK HOLDING DEVICES

1:- CHUCK

GS, SCTCE

 Hold w/p of short length, large dia or

irregular shape

a) 4 JAW CHUCK
Also called independent chuck
Each jaw can be independently actuated
Used for irregular shapes and if we have to
drill a hole at the centre
b) 3 JAW CHUCK
Also called universal chuck
All the 3 jaws move simultaneously
Used for holding round, hexagonal and
symmetrical w/p
GS, SCTCE

6 JAW CHUCK

GS, SCTCE

 C) COLLET CHUCK
Used for holding bars of small size
Available in square, round, hexagonal etc.

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

 d) MAGNETIC CHUCK
Electrically operated or permanent
magnetic type
Not having wide spread use

GS, SCTCE

2:- LATHE CENTRES

Used during turning operations
Made of very hard materials to take-up the thrust during machining
a) Ordinary centre
Used for most general works
b) Tipped centre
Carbide or hard alloy tip
Wear resistant
c) Ball centre
Offers minimum strain & wear
Used for taper turning
d) Revolving centre
Friction less
It is supported in the bearings housed in the body
Supports heavy jobs & jobs that revolve at high speed
e) Pipe centre
For supporting pipes & hollow end w/p
f) Insert type centre
GS, SCTCE
Economical

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

3:- CARRIERS

Also called driving dogs

Used to drive the w/p when it is held
btwn two centres
Attached to the end of w/p by a set
screw
4:- FACE PLATE

Mounting w/p on face plate provides

an ideal way of supporting certain
type of works
Either screwed or bolted to the
threaded stock spindle
GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

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GS, SCTCE

5:- MANDREL

Hardened piece of round bars with centres

at each ends
Used for holding & obtaining a hollow
piece of work
Made of high carbon steel to avoid
distortion & wear

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

Types of Mandrels

a) plain
Suitable for one size bore
b) Stepped
Having steps of different diameter
c) Screwed
Used for mounting w/p with internal
threads
d) Cone
Used for w/p of different hole diameter
e) Expansion
Mandrels with slots
f) Taper shank
GS, SCTCE

6:- STEADY REST

Used when long w/p is machined by holding it

in the chuck
Avoids undue deflection of the job at the other
end
7:- FOLLOWER REST
Performs same function as that of steady rest
But it moves along the w/p as it is attached to
the saddle
It supports the work opposite to the tool and
counteracts the cutting force
GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

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LATHE OPERATIONS

GS, SCTCE

TURRET & CAPSTON LATHE

They are the natural evolution of engine lathe
Advantage of this type is the multiple tool
holders which enable the setting up of all the
tools for a job
Simple tailstock is replaced by with a rotating or
indexing hexagonal or capstan head on which
several tools can be mounted
14 tools can be mounted at a time
Movement of tool can be adjusted by stops
In turret lathe, turret is mounted directly onto
the auxiliary slide
In capstan lathe, turret is carried on a separate
GS, SCTCE
ram which can be moved
to and fro

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

 TURRET : Six sided block

Carried on the bed for holding and moving the tools
Each face of hexagonal turret is provided with tapped
holes for various attachments
In capstan, turret is not hexagonal but circular with six
holes

GS, SCTCE

LIMITATIONS OF CENTRE LATHE

NOT SUITABLE FOR BATCH AND MASS

PRODUCTION
Increased tool change over time
Skilled labour requirement
Only one tool can be used in normal case
Proper care is needed for accuracy

GS, SCTCE

ADVANTAGES OF CAPSTON &

TURRET LATHES

Multiple tool availability

Different work holding methods
Automatic feeding of tools
Automatic stopping of the tools at precise
location
Automatic control in operation
Head stock has more & heavier range of speeds
High production rate
Semi skilled labors can do the work
More rigid in holding works and tools
Two or more operations can be done at a time
GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

GS, SCTCE

AUTOMATIC LATHES

Lathes that have their tools automatically fed to

work and withdrawn after the cut is complete
are known as automatic lathes
used when repeated operations have to be done
Produce identical parts without operator
Increased productivity
Reduce unit cost
Better utilization of resources
High accuracy
Reduced inventory
Opportunity of unattended production
Less labour requirement
GS, SCTCE

can be used continuously 24 hours a day,

only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance.
Less skilled/trained people can operate
can be updated by improving the software
can be programmed by advanced design software enabling the
manufacture of products that cannot be made by manual
machines
Modern design software allows the designer to simulate the
manufacture of his/her idea.
There is no need to make a prototype or a model. This saves
time and money.
One person can supervise many CNC machines
SCTCE need replacing occasionally.
Sometimes only the cuttingGS,
tools

GS, SCTCE