Introduction to Vibration

WHAT IS VIBRATION?
Vibration is the response of a system to an
internal or external stimulus causing it to
oscillate or pulsate.
OR
"A response to some form of excitation".

Why to measure Vibration

To Detect Machine Condition

To predict vibration fault
To avoid downtime
To Reduce Maintenenace Cost
To Reduce labor cost
To assist in RCA

Types of Maintenance

Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Shutdown Maintenance
Proactive Maintenence

Vibration has three important

parameters

Frequency
Amplitude
Phase

Frequency

>>F=1/T
Hz
CPM
Orders

Amplitude
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration

Scale of Amplitude

Phase
Phase is a relationshipe between events
occuring at different times.

Types of Sensor
Proximity Sensor
Velocity Transducer/Pickup
Accelerometer

Relationship of Sensors

Types of Mounting

Hand Held Probe/Pin

Magnet
Stud/ Qucik Mount
Adhesive

Types of Mounting

Orientation for Vibration Measurement

Horizontal
Vertical
Axial

Identifying Points

Motor & Pump

Vibration Monitoring VS Vibration

Analysis
1.Vibration Monitoring
2.Vibration Analysis

Vibration Analysis
Vibration Analysis require data of machine
taken through an Analyzer which
produces:
Waveform & Spectrum

What is FFT
(Fast Fourier Transfomation)

What is Waveform

Spectrum Analysis
Spectrum (FFT) is the most commonly
used plot for Vibration Analysis and Fualt
Diagnosis.
Spectrum is a plot on which frequency is
on X-axis and Amplitude is on Y-Axis of
the plot.

Most Common Faults

Imbalance
Misalignment
Looseness
-Structural
-Rotating

Bearing faults
Gear box Faults
Resonance

Unbalance
High 1X Radial
Vibration
Horizontal to Vertical
Phase is 90 Degree
Vibration is pure 1X
high Peak
Some other problems
may confuse with
unbalance

Static Imbalance
The Geometeric
Center and Rotational
Axis are not co-linear
but parallel to each
other.
Heavy Spot is at
center of Axis Length
but at away from C.G.

Couple Imbalance
Heavy Spot at the
both bearings differs
by 180 Degree.
The wobbling and
rocking phenomenon
appears at rotor.
1X Vibration at both
the bearings appear.

Misalignment
When Geometric
Centreline of two
coupled shafts are not
co-linear along with
axis of rotation then it
is called
Misalignment.
Angular Misalignment
Off set Misalignment

Angular Misalignment
Angular
Misalignment: This
condition exists when
Shaft Axis of both the
shafts concides at
single point. they are
no linear and relates
to single point making
an angle.
Spectrum Shows 1X,
2X and 3X peaks

Off Set Alignment

Off Set Misalignment
is the type of
Misalignment in which
Geometric
Centerlines of both
the machines are
parallel to each other.
Dominant Peak is
normally at 2X.

Looseness
Loosness is when their
is any machine
component is not
fixed at its position as
per intended purpose.
There are two types of
Loosness.
1. Rotating Looseness
2. Sturctural Looseness

Structural Looseness
1X high Vibration
appear in the
Spectrum
Foundation and its
Structural Bolts are
Loose then this type
of Problem exists.

Rotating Looseness
1X and its Multiples
appear in the
Spectrum
Normally 1X ~ 10X or
higher peaks appear
in spectrum
Waveform is almost
consistant

Bearing Faults

FTF
BPFI
BPFO
BSF

Bearing Failure Stages

Zone A
Zone B
Zone C
Zone D

Gearbox
1.Gear Mesh Frequency
2.GM= # of Teeth X RPM
3.Side Bands
4.Fault Identification