CERAMICS, GLASS, METALS,

PLASTICS AND SANITARY

FITMENTS
CERAMICS
 DEFINITION:

• Derived from greek word keramos, meaning “ a potter” or

“pottery”
• are inorganic, non-metallic & crystalline in nature.

PROPERTIES
• Wear –resistant
• hard
• Brittle
• Refractory
• Thermal insulators
• Electrical insulators
• Non-magnetic
• Chemically stable
 HISTORY OF CERAMICS:

• Human made ceramics – 24000 BC.

• Found in Czechoslovakia.

• Made of animal fat,bone,bone ash &fine clay.

 MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS

1. Starting material
• Heat +processed clay - rigid product
• Natural occurring rocks and minerals-special processing
• Chemically prepared powders.

2. Shape
Common methods-
•Extrusion
•Slip casting
•Pressing
•Tape casting
•Injection molding
MANUFACTURE OF CERAMICS

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

•Cements •Glass •Products shaped by
•Limes various methods
•plasters
 CERAMICS

 Basically clay-ware
    Manufacturing process-
o Mixed with water
o Refined
o Shaped
o Heated/Fired
o Application of glaze
o Heated/Fired
    Decoration
 TYPES OF CERAMICS

•Glazed earthenware

•Vitrified earthenware

•Porcelain

•Bone china

•Ceramic plus (latest trend)

 BONE CHINA

•Composition:
Bone ash : 45-50%
China clay: 25-30%
Feldspar: 25-30%
Ball clay: 5-15%

•Used as crockery.
POINTS CONSIDERED WHILE
BUYING CHINAWARE

• The on glaze or under glaze decoration

• The weight
• Shape and design
• The hardness of the glaze
• Colour and decoration
• The ease of replacement
• Cost
 CERAMIC SEGMENTS

• Structural clay products : brick,sewer pipe, roofing tile etc.

• White wares : dinner ware, sanitary ware,decorative ceramics etc.
• Refractories : brick,glass,monolithic products etc.
• Glass : windows,bottles,optical fibers etc.
• Abrasives : diamond, garnet,fused alumina etc.
• Cements : concrete roads, bridges, building dams etc.
• Advanced ceramics
• Structural : wear parts,bioceramics,cutting tools etc.
• Electrical : capacitors,insulators,magnets,superconductors etc.
• Coatings : engine components,cutting tools etc.
• Chemical & environmental : filters,membranes,catalysts etc.
 USES OF CERAMICS

•ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS: Ceramic spark plugs, Automobiles,

Boat engines, Lawnmowers etc.

•MEDICINAL USES : Replacement of body parts& diseased heart valves,

x-rays and Ultrasonic rays etc.

•ENVIRONMENTAL & : Decrease pollution,capture toxic materials

SPACE APPLICATIONS and encapsulate nuclear waste,diesel &
automotive engines,combustion & fuel
saving etc.
 MAINTENANCE OF CERAMICS

•Washing of floor with a help of acid solution water&sanitary product.

•Cushion the impact of heavy objects falling onto the floor with the
help of mats and carpets.

•Remove persistent dirt in normal working conditions with the use of

a soft brush or a spatula rather than potentially abrasive tools.

•Protect entrance area that are most exposed to abrasive dirt with mats.

•Order 15% of excess material over and above the net surface to be
covered in order to carry out future repairs on the finished work.
CERAMICPLUS

Developed at Villeroy & Boch

Laboratories
a.Smooth surface hence is dirt repellent
b.Low surface energy of ceramic plus-
water forms small droplets which roll away
in the drain & carry lime with them- easy
maintenance
GLASS
 MANUFACTURING OF GLASS
Main ingredient sand – needs to be free from impurities

Add other chemicals to - mixture is known as batch

sand

Batch-heated at 1300 or more temperature in a furnace

Shaped & passed on a conveyor belt through an annealing oven

Molten glass is gradually cooled down & final touches given

 CLASSICAL GLASS FORMING METHODS

 HAND BLOWING

 FLAT GLASSES

 GLASS FIBRES / FIBRE GLASS

 GLASS TUBING AND ROD

 SOLID AND HOLLOW GLASS SPHERES

 Types of Glass

Soda lime glass-sand,soda ash & limestone

Lead crystal glass-sand, red lead, potash
Borosilicate glass- sand, borax
Flat glass -
Sheet glass :- It is drawn continuously from the molten mass
and passed through an annealing tower.
It is cut into required lengths thereafter.

Float glass :- Does not require to be ground and polished

after annealing
Used as windows , mirrors


 TYPES OF GLASSES
SAFETY GLASS
Obscured glass :- Is made with wire
The wire prevents the glass falling
when broken
Used in doors and skylights

Laminated glass:- Is a sandwich of two thin layers of glass

with a vinyl-type plastic in middle
If glass is broken it adheres to the interlayer

Toughened glass:- A skin is formed on the glass

The broken glass shatters to very small
harmless fragments

Toughened and It is five times stronger than other types of

Laminated glass:- safety glass
TEMPERED GLASS

Tempered glass is resistant to breakage

Shatters into small harmless pieces
Used for frameless glass doors , shower etc.
CUT GLASS

Is cut by hand and is expensive

Used for chandeliers , decanters , vases and beautiful table glass

WIRE GLASS

Made with an embedded mesh of wire

Its has the ability to resist shattering from fire heat
Used in locations where a fire barrio is needed

HOLLOW GLASSWARE

Blowing , moulding , and pressing produce hollow glassware

MIRRORS

Its silvered on one side to create a reflection

DECORATIVE GLASSES

Include a wide variety of textures and surface treatments

that permit light passage but distort the image
 USES OF GLASSES

 Tableware , vases , lamps , doors , windows , mirrors ,

etc.
 Soda lime glass is used for ordinary , inexpensive , flat
or hollow glassware
 Lead crystal glass is used for expensive hollow
glassware
 Borosilicate glass is used for ovenware since it is very
hard and has special heat resisting properties
 NEW TRENDS

The fascination of glass in interior designing is growing

“Can you also produce wash-basins out of glass?”

(http://www.schott.com/uk/english/products/architectural/washbasins.html, 20/05/03, 1428hrs)

“…the products are mainly targeted at high-end restaurants and star category hotels where
interiors and decor play an important role and are a part of the offerings to the guests
enjoying their services…”
(http://www.expresshotelierandcaterer.com/20010319/equip8.htm, 20/05/03, 19:05hrs)
 METALS

Group of chemical elements that exhibit all or most of

the following physical qualities: they are solid at
ordinary temperatures; opaque, except in extremely
thin films; good electrical and thermal conductors;
lustrous when polished; and have a crystalline
structure when in the solid state.”
(http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761578923, 1/06/03, 1908 hrs
 Types of Metals

   SILVER      
• STEEL
         STAINLESS STEEL
         CHROMIUM
         BRASS
         COPPER
 
 SILVER
Silver is relatively soft white metal.
   Silver plated ware is made from blanks or
bodies of nickel silver, or nickel brass alloy.
This process gave rise to symbol
‘EPNS’ (electroplated nickel silver).
    Silver-plated ware can be re-plated.
o        ‘Silver dips’
•      The burnishing method
USES:
 Batteries
 Catalyst
 Coins
 Electronics
 Jewellery and Silverware
 Medical Applications
 Mirrors and other coatings
 Photography
 Water Purification
 Steel

Steel is iron containing a little carbon

To prevent corrosion it is normally coated

with enamel

Steel has a smooth surface.

 CHROMIUM
CHARACTERESTICS:
Steel-gray in colour
 Lustrous
 Hard metal
 Takes a high polish
Chromium is the coating on steel.

      Washing and rubbing

      Anodising
      Lacquering
 
USES:

 Forms important alloys

 Forms useful coloured compounds
 Textile Industry
 Leather Industry
 Catalyst
 Fuel additives
 Medical Applications
STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

STEEL STAINLESS
STEEL
Components Iron+Carbon Iron+Carbon+
Chromium
Properties Very hard Less hard
compared to
Steel
Uses Industrial use Household use
 Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is steel to which 8-25% of

chromium has been added, making it corrosion
resistant.
   It is a tough, durable metal.
 Stainless steel can be harmed or stained
by:
o        silver dip solutions,
o        chlorine type bleaches,
o        salt/vinegar mixtures.
 BRASS
USES:
 Sections: Bathroom Hardware, Shower Parts
 Hot Forgings: Tube Fittings, Plumbing
Hardware, Plumbing Fittings.
 Sheet: Hollow Ware, Lamp Caps
 Wire: Springs, Heat exchangers, Coils (Geysers),
Zippers, Jewellery
 Castings: Taps, Water Fittings.
CHARACTERESTICS:

 Brass is an alloy of essentially copper &

zinc
 Corrosion Resistant
 Conductivity
 Wear resistant
 Attractive colours
 Hygienic
MAINTENANCE:

 Interior Fittings: Dusting with a Camel

hair brush or soft cloth, washing with mild
soapy water.

 Exterior Fittings: Coating of wax polish,

Paint stripper solution, acetone, Lemon
dipped in Salt.
 COPPER

CHARACTERESTICS AND USES:

 Reddish metal: Utensils and Kettles

 Ductile: Electric wires
 Malleable: Sheet roofing
 Good conductor of heat: Cooking vessels
 Forms important alloys: Statues and
Lamps
PLASTICS
 PLASTICS

“Plastics, materials made up of large, organic (carbon-

containing) molecules that can be formed into a variety
of products. The molecules that compose plastics are
long carbon chains that give plastics many of their useful
properties….
…. Plastics can be made hard as stone, strong as steel,
transparent as glass, light as wood, and elastic as rubber.
Plastics are also lightweight, waterproof, chemical
resistant, and produced in almost any color.”
(http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761553604, 1/06/03,
1925 hrs)
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC:

Light in weight.
Less noisy than many materials.
Resistant to most chemicals.
Non conductors of electricity.
Scratch able with harsh abrasives and sharp articles.
Easy to Clean.
Non absorbent, but some thermoplastic and absorb
grease.
Not liable to attack by moth or other pests.
 TYPES OF PLASTICS:

• PETE or PET
• HDPE (High density Polyethylene)
• PV or PVC (vinyl/polyvinyl chloride)
• LDPE (Low density Polyethylene)
• PP (Polypropylene)
• PS (Polystyrene)
 Uses Of Plastics

Packaging
27% 26% Other
Furniture Industry
Agriculture
Household Goods
7% Automotive Industry
17% Electrical Goods
8%
5% 2% 8% Building
 Types of Plastics Used

• Polyvinyl Chloride
-floor finishes in tile and sheet form
-durability and ease dependent on PVC present
-wall coverings

Polystyrene And Other Foams

-used in tile or other sheet form on walls or
ceilings to give heat and sound insulation
-Cut into the required sizes for mattresses and
into different shapes for upholstered furniture
-Perspex
 Types of Plastics Used
Laminates
-thin veneers marketed under many trade names, ex.
Formica, Warerite, Duralam
-stuck direct to wall, to plywood or similar supporting
material and used as wall panels, counter tops and in
manufacture of furniture

 Synthetic Fibres
-Polyamides, polyesters and acrylics produced as
fibres
-durable, easy to clean and quick to dry
-used in carpets curtains upholstery beddings and
uniforms
SANITARY FITTINGS
 BATHS

 Old porcelain-enamel cast iron and pressed

steel baths replaced with acrylic baths and
Spa baths.
 Standard Size: 1510 x 820 x 445 and holds
170 liters of water
 Types: Vanity Basins, Insets.
 SPA BATHS

 Characteristics: Baths fitted with water

pumps and jets, digitally controlled, fitted
electric heater.

 Types: Inset
Free standing island unit
 SHOWER SYSTEMS
Points to be considered for the
conventional shower:

 Size
 Tiling
 Shower nozzle
 Shower screen
 Taps
 Exhaust fan
 WESTERN CLOSET
 Pan of vitreous china
 Cisterns made up of vitreous china or
acrylic
 KITCHEN SINK/DISHWASHER
 Made up of stainless steel
 Types: Single bowl
Double bowl
TAPS
 Are usually powder coated or chrome
 Types: Single mounted
Double mounted
 Latest technology: Taps with ceramic disc
technology
 TOWEL RAILS
 Available in acrylic or chrome
 Types: Single rails
Double rails
MIRRORS
 Are silver coated
 Are placed above the vanity counters
 Are integral part of the Hotel
 SANITARY FITTINGS
MATERIAL FITTINGS CHARACTERISTICS

VITREOUS CHINA ·     Lavatory basins · Can chip and craze, making

·     Sinks surface more difficult to clean
·     Sluices and more susceptible to
·     WCs staining.
·     Urinals
·     Bidets

STAINLESS STEEL ·     Lavatory basins · Satin finish shows scratches

(USUALLY 18/8) ·     Sinks less than mirror finish,
· Draining surfaces
· Damaged by-
 Chlorine bleaches
        Silver-dip solutions

         Salt/vinegar
VITREOUS ENAMEL ·     Baths · Does
mixturesnot retain heat as well
COATED PRESSED ·     Sinks as plastics
STEEL ·     Draining surfaces ·  Marks with dripping taps
·  May chip and rust
 SANITARY FITTINGS

MATERIAL FITTINGS CHARACTERISTICS

VITREOUS ENAMEL ·    Baths ·  Heavy

COATED CAST- · Tough finish with a high
IRON gloss
· If damaged rusting
occurs
PLASTICS ·    Lavatory basins · Light weight
·    Baths · Retains heat and resists
·    Sinks most stains
  ·  Cheaper ones may flex
EG: ACRYLIC and
(armacast is tough give problems with
acrylic sheet backed crazing
with polyurethane · Damaged by solvents.
reinforcement) Eg: paint stripper,
perfumes, after-shave,
and
the heat of cigarettes.