Acids,

Acids, Bases
Bases and
and Salts
Salts
Chapter
Chapter 15
15

Hein and Arena

Version 2.0
12th Edition

Eugene Passer
Chemistry Department
Bronx Community College
John Wiley and Sons, Inc

Chapter Outline
15.1 Acids and Bases

15.8 Ionization of Water

15.2 Reactions of Acids

15.9 Introduction to pH

15.3 Reactions of Bases

15.10 Neutralization

15.4 Salts
15.5 Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
15.6 Dissociation and Ionization
of Electrolytes
15.7 Strong and Weak
Electrolytes

15.11 Writing Net Ionic

Equations
15.12 Acid Rain
15.13 Colloids
15.14 Properties of Colloids 2

15.1

AcidsandBases
3

Acid Properties
sour taste
change the color of litmus from blue to
red
These properties are due to the release
of hydrogen ions, H , into water solution.
react with
+

metals such as zinc and magnesium to

produce hydrogen gas
hydroxide bases to produce water and an
ionic compound (salt)
carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
4

Base Properties

bitter or caustic taste

a slippery, soapy feeling.
the ability to change litmus red to blue
the ability to interact with acids

 Svante Arrhenius was a Swedish

scientist who lived from 1859-1927.
In 1884 he advanced a theory of acids
and bases.

An Arrhenius acid is a hydrogencontaining substance that dissociates to

produce hydrogen ions.

HA H + A
+

acid

An Arrhenius base is a hydroxidecontaining substance that dissociates

to produce hydroxide ions in aqueous
solution.

MOH M (aq) + OH (aq)

+

base

An Arrhenius acid solution contains an excess of H+ ions.

An Arrhenius base solution contains an excess of OH- ions.

 J.N. Bronsted (1897-1947) was a

Danish chemist and T. M. Lowry
(1847-1936) was an English chemist.

In 1923 they advanced their theory of

acids and bases.

10

A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H+) donor.

A Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

11

proton acceptor
Bronsted-Lowry
Acid
Bronsted-Lowry
Base
proton
donor

HCl + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

12

ionion ishydrogen ion

ahydrogen
hydronium
does formed
not existcombines with water
in water

13

Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

When an acid donates a proton it becomes the conjugate
base.

HCl(g) Cl-(aq)
acid

base

14

Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

When a base accepts a proton it becomes the conjugate acid.

H2O (l) H3O+(aq)

base

acid

15

Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

HCl(g) + H2O (l) Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

acid

base

base

acid

16

Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a proton.

HCl(g) + H2O (l) Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

acid

base

base

acid

17

 In 1923 G. N. Lewis developed a more

comprehensive theory of acids and
bases.

The Lewis theory deals with the way in

which a substance with an unshared
pair of electrons reacts in an acid-base
type of reaction.
18

A Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.

A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.

19

Electron
Pair
Lewis Acid
Acceptor

Electron pair
donated to H+
Lewis
Base
Electron
Pair Donor
20

Electron
Pair
Lewis Acid
Acceptor

Electron pair
donated to B
Lewis
Base
Electron
Pair Donor
21

22

15.2

ReactionsofAcids
23

In aqueous solution, the H+ or H3O+ ions are

responsible for the characteristic reactions of
acids.

24

Reaction with Metals Acids react with metals

that lie above hydrogen in the activity series of

elements to produce hydrogen and an ionic
compound (salt):
acid + metal hydrogen + ionic compound
2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) H2(g) + CaCl2(aq)
H2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) H2(g) + MgSO4(aq)

25

Reaction with Metals Oxidizing acids react

with metals to produce water instead of

hydrogen:
3Zn(s) + 8HNO3(dilute) 3Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

26

Reaction with Bases The reaction of an acid

with a base is called a neutralization reaction.

In an aqueous solution the products are a salt
and water:
HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) KBr(aq) + H2O(l)
acid

base

salt

2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

acid

base

salt

27

In an aqueous
solution the products are a salt and water. This
type of reaction is closely related to that of an
acid with a base:
Reaction with Metal Oxides

2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid

metal oxide

salt

H2SO4(aq) + MgO(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

acid

metal oxide

salt

28

Most acids react

with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide,
water and an ionic compound:
Reaction with Carbonates

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid

carbonate

salt

H2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(s) MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid

carbonate

salt

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid

carbonate

salt

29

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is not the product when an

acid reacts with a carbonate because carbonate
spontaneously decomposes into carbon dioxide and
water.

H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

30

15.3

ReactionsofBases
31

Reaction with Acids The reaction of an acid

with a base is called a neutralization reaction.

In an aqueous solution the products are a salt
and water:
HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) KBr(aq) + H2O(l)
acid

base

salt

2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

acid

base

salt

32

Hydroxides of
certain metals are amphoteric, meaning they
are capable of reacting as either an acid or a
base:
Amphoteric

Hydroxides

Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

base

acid

salt

Zn(OH)2 + 2KOH(aq) K2Zn(OH)4(aq)

Lewis acid

base

33

Reaction of NaOH and KOH with Certain

Metals Some amphoteric metals react directly

with the strong bases sodium hydroxide and

potassium hydroxide to produce hydrogen:
base + metal + water salt + hydrogen
2KOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) 2KAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2(g)
Lewis acid

2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) Na2Zn(OH)4(aq) + H2(g)

Lewis acid

34

15.4

Salts

35

Salts can be considered compounds

derived from acids and bases. They consist
of positive metal or ammonium ions
combined with nonmetal ions (OH- and O2excluded).
Salts are usually
Chemists
use thecrystalline
terms ionic
and compound
have high
and saltand
melting
interchangeably.
boiling points.
36

Salt Formation
The negative
positive ion
ion of
the salt is derived
from the acid.
base.
base

NaOH

HCl acid

NaCl
salt

37

15.5

Electrolytesand
Nonelectrolytes
38

Nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes are
aresubstances
substanceswhose
whose
aqueous
aqueous
solutions
solutions
do conduct
not conduct
electricity.
electricity.

Nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes areare
capable
not capable
of producing
of producing
ions
ions
in solution.
in solution.
39

Classes of compounds that are

electrolytes are:
acids
bases
salts
solutions of oxides that form an acid or a
base
40

41

15.6

Dissociationand
IonizationofElectrolytes
42

Dissociation is the process by which the ions

of a salt separate as the salt dissolves.

43

In a crystal of sodium chloride positive

sodium ions are bonded to negative chloride
ions.
15.2

44

In aqueous solution the sodium and chloride

ions dissociate from each other.
15.2

45

In aqueous solution the sodium and chloride

ions dissociate from each other.
15.2

46

15.2

47
Na+ and Cl- ions hydrate with H2O molecules.

The equation representing the dissociation of

NaCl is:
NaCl(s) + (x+y)H2O Na+(H2O)x + Cl-(H2O)y

The equation can be written more simply as:

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

48

the formation
of ions.
Ionization is
occurs
as the result
of a chemical
reaction of certain substances with water.

49

Acetic acid ionizes in water to form acetate

ion and hydronium ion.
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2

Lewis acid

Lewis base

Lewis acid

Lewis base

The equation can be written more simply as:

HC3H3O2 H+ + C2H3O2

In the absence of water, ionization reactions do not

occur.
50

15.7

Strongand
WeakElectrolytes
51

Strong Electrolyte An electrolyte that is

Weak Electrolyte An electrolyte that is
essentially 100% ionized in aqueous
ionized to a small extent in aqueous solution.
solution.

52

 Most salts are strong electrolytes

Strong acids and bases (highly ionized)
are strong electrolytes.
Weak acids and bases (slightly ionized)
are weak electrolytes.

53

100%
HCl
Strong Acid
Solution
ionized

15.3

HC2H3O2
1%
Weak
ionized
Acid
Solution

54

Both the ionized and unionized forms of a weak

electrolyte are present in aqueous solution.
+

HC2H3O2(aq) H (aq) + CC22HH33OO2(aq)

2 (aq )

unionized

ionized

55

HNO3, a strong acid, is 100 % dissociated.

+
HNO3(aq) H (aq) + NO33(aq)
(aq )

HNO2, a weak acid, is only slightly ionized.

+

HNO2(aq)
H (aq) + NO22(aq)
(aq )

56

57

Electrolytes yield two or more ions per formula

unit upon dissociation.
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
two ions in solution per
formula unit
2-44

(aq )
Na2SO4 2Na (aq) + SO (aq)
+

three ions in solution

per formula unit
244

3SO (aq)
(aq )
Fe2(SO4 )3 2Fe (aq) + 3SO
3+

five ions in solution per

formula unit

58

Electrolytes yield two or more moles of ions per

mole of electrolyte upon dissociation.
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
1 mole

1 mole

1 mole

2-44

(aq )
Na2SO4 2Na (aq) + SO (aq)
+

1 mole

2 moles

1 mole

244

3SO (aq)
(aq )
Fe2(SO4 )3 2Fe (aq) + 3SO
3+

1 mole

2 moles

3 moles

59

Colligative Properties of
Electrolyte Solutions

60

Substances that form ions in aqueous solutions change

the colligative properties of water in proportion to the
number of ions formed.

NaOH Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

1 mole

1 mole

1 mole

Two moles of ions will depress the freezing point of

water twice that of one mole of a nonelectrolyte.
244

3SO (aq)
(aq )
Fe2(SO4 )3 2Fe (aq) + 3SO
3+

1 mole

2 moles

3 moles

Five moles of ions will depress the freezing point of

water five times that of one mole of a nonelectrolyte.
61

15.8

IonizationofWater
62

hydroxide
ion

Water ionizes slightly.

hydronium ion

H3O+ + OHH2 O + H 2 O
base

acid

acid

base

Water ionization can be expressed more simply as:

H+ + OHH2O

[H3O+] or [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L

[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L
63 .
Two out of every 1 billion water molecules are ionized

15.9

IntroductiontopH
64

pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen

ion concentration.

pH = -log[H+]

65

Calculation of pH

66

pH = -log[H+]
[H+] = 1 x 10-5
when this number
is exactly 1

pH = this number
without
pHthe
= 5minus
sign.

67

pH = -log[H+]
[H+] = 2 x 10-5
when this number is
one significant figure
between 1 and 10

pH is between this
number and the
ph = 4.7
next lower number
one decimal
place
(between
4 and
5).

The number of decimal places of a logarithm is

equal to the number of significant figures in the
original number.
68

What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 1.0 x 10-11?

2 significant figures

pH = - log(1.0 x 10-11)
pH = 11.00
2 decimal places

69

What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 6.0 x 10-4?

2 significant figures

log[H+] = log (6.0 x 10-4) = -3.22

pH = - log[H+] = -(3.22) = 3.22
2 decimal places

70

What is the pH of a solution with an [H+] of 5.47 x 10-8?

3 significant figures

log[H+] = log(5.47 x 10-8) = -7.262

pH = - log[H+] = -(7.262) = 7.262
3 decimal places

71

The pH scale of Acidity and Basicity

15.4

72

15.10

Neutralization
73

Neutralization The reaction of an acid and a

base to form a salt and water.
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid

base

salt

74

Titrations

75

Titration The process of measuring the

volume of one reagent required to react with
a measured mass or volume of another
reagent.

76

42.00 mL of 0.150 M NaOH solution is required to

neutralize 50.00 mL of hydrochloric acid solution.
What is the molarity of the acid solution?
The equation for the reaction is

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid

base

salt

Calculate the liters of NaOH that react.

mol
Molarity =
L

1L

= 0.04200
42.00 mLConvert
unit mL
The
of volume
when L

of
NaOH to
1000
mL

using molarity is liters.

liters of NaOH

Calculate the moles of NaOH that react.

0.150 mol NaOH

0.004200 L
= 0.00630 mol NaOH
1L

77

42.00 mL of 0.150 M NaOH solution is required to

neutralize 50.00 mL of hydrochloric acid solution.
What is the molarity of the acid solution.
The equation for the reaction is

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

acid

base

salt

The mole
molesratio
of NaOH
of HClthat
to NaOH
react equals
is 1:1 the moles of
HCl that react.
0.00630 mol NaOH react. 0.00630 mol HCl react.
The molarity of the HCl solution is
mol 0.0630 mol HCl
M=
=
0.126 M HCl
L
0.05000 L
78

15.11

Writing
NetIonicEquations
79

In the formula equation all compounds are

written using their molecular or formula
expressions.
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
acid

base

salt

In the total ionic equation all ions present in

solution are written.
(H+ + Cl-) + (K+ + OH-) K+ + Cl- + H2O
that do
not participate
inthe
a chemical
In the netIons
ionic
equation
only
ions
that
react
Cl
ion
does
K
ion
not
does
react.
not
react.
reaction are called spectator ions.
are written.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
80
-

Rules for Writing Equations

1. Strong electrolytes in solution are
written in their ionic form.
2. Weak electrolytes are written in their
molecular form.
3. Nonelectrolytes are written in their
molecular form.
81

4. Insoluble substances, precipitates and

gases are written in their molecular
forms.
5. The net ionic equation should include
only substances that have undergone
a chemical change. Spectator ions
are omitted from the net ionic
equation.
6. Equations must be balanced both in
atoms and in electrical charge.
82

Examples

83

2AgNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

formula equation

spectator ions

(2Ag+ + 2NO3- ) + (Ba2+ + 2Cl-) 2AgCl(s) + (Ba2+ + 2NO3- )

total ionic equation

precipitate

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

net ionic equation

84

Na 2CO3 (aq ) + H2SO4 (aq ) Na 2SO4 + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g )

formula equation

spectator ions

2Na + CO + 2H
+

23

+ SO24

2Na

+ SO24 + H2O( l ) + CO 2 ( g )

total ionic equation

gas
CO32- + 2H+ H2O(l ) + CO2 (g )

net ionic equation

85

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

formula equation

spectator ion

Mg(s) + (2H+ + 2Cl-) (Mg2+ + 2Cl-)+ H2(g)

total ionic equation

Electrical charge on both sides of the equation = +2

Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2(g)

net ionic equation

86

15.12

AcidRain
87

Acid rain is any atmospheric precipitation

that is more acidic than usual.

The increase in acidity might be from

natural or industrial sources.

88

 The pH of rain is lower in the eastern

US and higher in the western US.
Unpolluted rain has a pH of 5.6
because of carbonic acid formation in
the atmosphere.
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) H+ + HCO3

89

Process of Acid Rain Formation

1. emission of nitrogen and sulfur oxides
into the air
2. transportation
of these
oxides
into the
From the burning
of fossil
fuels.
atmosphere
3. chemical reactions between the
oxides and water forming sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
4. rain or snow, which carries the acids
to the ground

90

Effects of Acid Rain

1. freshwater plants and animals decline
significantly when rain is acidic
2. aluminum is leached from the soil
into lakes and adversely affects fish
gills.
3. the waxy protective coat on plants is
dissolved making them vulnerable to
bacteria and fungal attack
91

Effects of Acid Rain

4. it is responsible for extensive and
continuing damage to buildings,
monuments and statues
5. it reduces the durability of paint and
promotes the deterioration of paper,
leather and cloth

92

15.13

Colloids
93

Colloid A dispersion in which the dispersed

particles are larger than the solute ions or
molecules of a true solution and smaller than
the particles of a mechanical suspension.

94

 Colloid is derived from the Greek word

kolla meaning glue.

The term colloid does not imply a

system has a gluelike quality.

96

 The fundamental difference between a

colloidal dispersion and a true solution is
the size of the particles.

In ordinary solutions the size of solute

particles range from 0.1 to 1 nm.
The size of colloidal particles range
from 1 to 1,000 nm.
In a solution the particles are usually
single ions or molecules.
In a colloid the particles are usually
aggregations of ions or molecules. 97

98

15.14

PropertiesofColloids
99

 In 1827 Robert Brown illuminated an

aqueous suspension of pollen under a
high powered microscope.
He observed a trembling erratic motion
of the pollen grains.
This erratic motion is characteristic of
colloids in general.
This random motion is called
Brownian movement.
100

 When an intense beam of light is

passed through an ordinary solution
and viewed at an angle, the beam
passing through the solution is hardly
The visible.
Tyndall effect occurs because colloidal
A beam
light
is clearly
visiblelight.
and
particles
are of
large
enough
to scatter
sharply outlined when it is passed
through a colloidal dispersion.
This phenomenon is known as the
Tyndall effect.
101

 Colloidal particles have huge surface

areas in comparison to the volume of the
same particles if they were aggregated
into one large particle.
Colloidal particles become electrically
charged when they adsorb ions on their
surfaces.
This occurs because surface atoms or
ions of the colloid attract and adsorb ions
or polar molecules from the dispersion
medium.
102

103