Presented By:Name Akshat Saxena

What is Force?
Who discovered Gravitational law?
Discovery of Gravitational Force.
Calculation used by Newton.
Calculating the constant.
Gravity- A special Case.
Effect of Gravity and its Uses.

Sir Issac newton gave many laws of nature.

In his First law of motion, he described the
inherent property of matters,qualitatively.
In his second law,he wrote A force action on a
body gives it an accelaration which is in the
direction of force and has a magnitude given by
ma.
So,it describes force quantitatively also.
In his third law,he describes how force are
exerted.
Therefore,we can say he discovered Force.

The force is an external effort(cause) in the form

of a push or pull which either changes or tends to
change the state of rest or the uniform motion of
a body along a straight line.
They are classified into two categories:(i) Contact Force.
- Frictional force, normal reaction,tensile force
etc.
(ii) Non-Contact Force.
- electric,magnetic,gravitational force.

 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Perhaps the greatest genius of

all time
Invented the reflecting
telescope
Invented calculus
Connected gravity and
planetary forces
Philosophiae naturalis
principia mathematica

 In 1665, Issac Newton performed brilliant

theoretical and experimental tasks in

mechanics and optics.
In this year, he focused his attention on
the motion of the moon about the earth.
While doing so, he had a question that
what is the force that makes moon to
revolve.

He had data that moon revolves round the earth

in 27.3 days.
Its distance from earth is R = 3.85 105 km.
The acceleration of moon is ,therefore,
= 2R
=
2
2R
( velocity =

disp.

)
T

time
=

= 0.0027 m/s2

42 (3.85 105 km)

(27.3 days)2

Displacement and time were converted into SI units.

He had a belief that earth is making the moon

to revolve.But How?

Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple

fell down from the tree on the earth.

This sparked the idea that the
earth attracts all bodies towards
its centre.
He declared that the laws of
nature are same for earthly
and celestial bodies.

The acceleration of a body falling near the earths

surface is about 9.8 m/s2 and moons acceleration is
0.0027m/s2 .Thus, 2
9.8 m/s
=
aapple
= 3600.
....(i)
2
0.0027 m/s

amoon

Also,
distance of the moon from the earth
distance of the apple from the earth
=

dmoon

dapple

3.85 105 km
6400 km

By comparing (i)&(ii)
aapple
amoon

dmoon
dapple

= 60

.(ii)

Newton guessed that,

acceleration a 1
r2
..(1)
He had,
F ma ;
(Newtons second law)
(2)
. . Fm.
( From (1) )
r2
(3)
By Newtons Third law of motion,
FM
..(4)
Combining 3 & 4,
F Mm
r2

..

..

F = GMm
r2
where,
F = Force of attraction between the two particles.
M = mass of first particle.
m = mass of second particle.
r = distance between the centers of the first and second

particle.
G = Universal gravitational constant. = 6.67 10-11
Nm2/kg
Dimensional formula of F is
S.I. Unit = N (Newton)
C.G.S. Unit = dyne

[MLT-2 ]

m1

m2

12

21

r
F12 = - Gm2m1
r2
F21 = - Gm1m2
r2

21
12

Note : -(minus) sign denotes that opposite direction of force and Distance.

 Always acts as Force of Attraction.

Form an action-reaction pair.
Central Forces.
Independent of the presence of other bodies

and properties of the intervening medium.

Weakest Force.

The force of attraction between any two

material particles is directly proportional to
the product of the masses of the particles
and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them. It acts along
the line joining the two particles.
i.e,
F
Mm
r2

Calculating the Gravitational Constant

First measurement was done by Cavendish in

1798,about 71 years after the law was

formulated.
The Gravitational constant G is a small quantity

and its measurement needs very sensitive

arrangement.
Value of G was given through Cavendish

Experiment.

Cavendishs Experiment
In 1798 Sir Henry Cavendish suspended a rod with two
small masses (red) from a thin wire. Two larger
mass (silver) attract the small masses and cause the
wire to twist slightly, since each force of attraction
produces a torque in the same direction. By varying
the masses and measuring the separations and the
amount of twist, Cavendish was the first
to calculate G.

G = 6.67 10-11 Nm2/kg2

Assumptions
Earth was treated as a single particle placed at its

centre.
Newton spent several years to prove that a
spherically symmetric body can be replaced by a
point particle as its centre.
In this process he discovered the methods of
Calculus.
He did it by use of Calculus.
It was then, applicable for the bodies if their entire
mass were concentrated at their centre of mass.
Hence, it is applicable to all, whatever the size
may be.

 It is a Universal Law. It explains motion of

heavenly bodies.
The predictions of eclipses comes true.
Tides in oceans because of attraction between
moon and ocean water.
The predictions about orbits and time periods
of artificial satellites found to be correct.

Gravity is the force by which earth attracts a

body towards its centre.

F e= GMem
Re2
where,
Fe = forces of attraction between Earth and particle of mass

m.
Me = mass of Earth.
m = mass of particle.
Re = distance between the centers of the Earth and particle.
G = Universal gravitational constant. = 6.67 10-11 Nm2/kg

 Follows Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

By Newtons second law , F = mg
Compare with F = mg so

g = GM/r2

g depends inversely on the square of the distance

g depends on the mass of the planet
Nominally,

g = 9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2

g = 9.78 m/s2
-At the North pole g = 9.83 m/s2
At the equator

g on the Moon is 1/6 of g on Earth.

 Provides necessary centripetal force to moon

to revolve.
Provides force to Satellites to revolve round
the earth.
To make the bodies fall from height.
Formation of Tides in the ocean.

Q. If two bodies one of lead and other of wood of same volume

are fallen from same height from the state of rest. Then which will strike
to the ground first?(Neglect air-resistance)
Sol.

Fg,lead

GM Earth M lead

REarth 2

Fg,wood

GM Earth M wood

REarth 2

alead
awood

Fg , lead
M lead
Fg , wood
M wood

GM earth M lead
GM earth
1

2
2
M lead
REarth
REarth

GM earth M wood
GM earth
1

2
2
M wood
REarth
REarth

Lead
alead

..(a)

..(b)

Wood
awood

Let, h be their height above the ground.

By second equation of motion,
S = ut + 1/2at2
For lead,
h = 1/2aleadt12;
..(c)
For wood,
h = 1/2awoodt22;
..(d)
Equating (c)&(d),
1/2aleadt12 = 1/2awoodt22
t12 = t22
(From (a) &(b))
Or,
t1 = t 2
Thus, they will reach earth at same instant.

 www.wikipedia.org/Gravitation
www.physicsclassroom.com
www.google.books.com
Books
Prof. H.C.Verma : Concept of Physics Vol. I
Kumar,Mittal : ISC PHYSICS Class XI
Modern ABC : Physics Vol.I

THANK YOU