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OIL

Oil is a fossil fuel produced by


decomposition of deeply buried organic
material such as plants under high
temperatures and pressures for millions of
years.
Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid
containing hydrocarbons that once extracted
via drilling are separated into products
through fractional distillation (gasoline,
aviation fuel, heating oil, diesel oil, asphalt).

Oil Extraction & Processing


Crude oil and natural gas are
trapped in porous rock beneath
dome shaped structures (anticlines).
To extract oil, a well is drilled
into the deposit. Then oil, drawn
by gravity out of the rock pores and
into the bottom of the well, is
pumped to the surface.
Oil is then transported to a
refinery by pipeline, truck, or oil
tanker.

Oil Recovery
Primary Oil Recovery drilling a well and
pumping oil that flows by gravity into the bottom
of a well.
Secondary Oil Recovery After primary, water
is injected into nearby wells to force some of the
remaining oil to the surface.
Tertiary Oil Recovery (Enhanced Oil Recovery)
after primary and secondary, CO2 gas is used to
force some of the heavy oil into the well cavity so
it can be pumped to the surface.

OIL DRILLING

Distillation
Then it is distilled and
separated into
components with
different boiling points.
Some of the products
called petrochemicals
are used as raw
materials in industrial
organic chemicals,
pesticides, plastics,
synthetic fibers, paints,
and medicines.

Fractional Distillation

Aviation Fuel
Heating Oil

Who Has the Worlds Oil?


The oil industry is the worlds largest business!
Eleven OPEC Countries (Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the
worlds crude oil reserves.
Saudi Arabia has the largest (25%)
Canada (oil sand) (15%)
Iraq (11%)
United Arab Emirates (9.3%)
Kuwait (9.2%)

OPEC Nations

How Long Will World Oil Supplies Last?


World reserves 80% depleted in 42-93 years.
US reserves 80% depleted in 10-48 years.
At current rate
Saudia Arabia could supply the entire worlds oil needs
for 10 years.
Reserves under Alaskas North Slope (Prudoe Bay)
would meet current world demand for 6 months and US
demand for 3 years.
Estimated reserves in ANWR would meet current oil
demand for only 1-5 months and US oil demand for 7-24
months.

Advantages of Oil
Relatively inexpensive
Easily transported via
pipelines, trucks and
tankers.
High net energy yield
Ample supply for
immediate future
Large US government
subsidies in place.

Disadvantages of Oil
World oil reserves limited and declining.
Produces pollution SO2, NO, NO2, CO2
Drilling causes land disturbances which
accelerates erosion.
Oil spills (Exxon Valdez)
Extraction releases contaminated wastewater and
brine
Disruption to wildlife habitats (ANWR)
Artificially low prices encourage waste

Prince William Sound

Alaska National Wildlife Refuge

ANWR

Oil Sand
Oil sand (tar sand) is a mixture of clay, sand,
water and combustible bitumen (heavy oil with high
sulfur content).
They are dug up by giant shovels, mixed with hot
water and steam to extract the bitumen, which is
heated and converted to a low-sulfur synthetic crude
oil suitable for refining.
Exists mostly in Canada (70% known reserves)
Severe environmental degradation to air, water
and land.

Shale Oil
Oil shales contain kerogen which can be extracted from
crushed oil shales by heating them to yield a distillate called
shale oil.
Before it can be sent by pipeline to a refinery, it must be
heated to increase its flow rate and processed to remove
sulfur, nitrogen, and impurities.
Net energy loss
Tar Sand - bitumen

Shale Oil - kerogen

Natural Gas
Natural gas is a mixture of 50-90% by volume of methane
(CH4) and smaller amounts of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8),
and butane (C4H10).
Conventional Natural Gas lies above most reservoirs of
crude oil, but can only be used if a pipeline is put in place.
Many times it is considered waste and is burned off adding
CO2 to the atmosphere.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) propane and butane gases
liquefied when a natural gas field is tapped. Stored in
pressurized tanks for use in rural areas.
At very low temperatures LPG can be converted to
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated

Natural Gas Information


Russia has 31 % of worlds gas reserves, followed by Iran
(15%), and Qatar (9%).
Known reserves and undiscovered potential reserves of
conventional natural gas should last the world for 62-125 years.
With an increase in consumption of 2% per year, that could be
reduced to 80 years!

Advantages of Natural Gas


Relatively inexpensive and pipelines in place in USA
High net energy yield
Produces less air pollution than other fossil fuels
Extraction not as harmful as for oil and coal
Easily processed and inexpensive to transport
Can be used in fuel cells
Can be used in combine-cycle natrual gas systems
(cogeneration)
Viewed as transitionary fossil fuel as world
switches to alternative energy resources.

Disadvantages of Natural Gas


H2S and SO2 released during processing, and CO2
and hydrocarbons during burning.
LNG processing is expensive , dangerous, and
results in lower net energy yield
Leakage of pipes and tanks (CH4) contributes to
global warming
Extraction releases contaminated wastewater and
brine
Land subsidence

Another Note on Global


Warming
Subsidies for oil and gas encourage high use of the energy
resource and discourages conservation.
Oil and gas are considerably cheap (10-12 cents per kwh)
The Earth Summit, June 1992 UN Conference on the
Environment Issue #1 - Climate Change Treaty A treaty
to curb CO2 emissions, thereby reducing global warming.
More than 165 nations signed the treaty and is now
considered legally binding. President Clinton signed in
1993. Congress failed to approve it and it has not been
ratified since in the US.
Kyoto Bush refuses to sign Bad for Economics

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