WCDMA Handovers: Soc Classification Level Presentation / Author / Date 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

WCDMA Handovers
Soc Classification level

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Handover types
Node B
Node B
Node B
Frequency
f1
Sector 1
f1
Sector 1
Sector 3
f1
Frequency
f1
Soft Handover
Sector 2
f1
Node B
Sector 3
Softer Handover
BTS
RNC
RNC
UMTS
Node B
Node B
GSM900/1800
Inter-System
Handover
Iur
Iub
Iub
Node B
Frequency
f1
Frequency
f2

2
Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover
Node B
Frequency
f1
Frequency
f1
Measurement Control
I am in the
RRC idle mode
UE
UTRAN
System Information
[BCCH]
SIB 3 & SIB 11
I am in the
CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH sub-state
UE
System Information
[BCCH]
UE
Node B
RNC
UTRAN
Measurement Control
[DCCH]
Node B
SIB 3 [4]: parameters for cell selection and re-selection [in the RRC connected
mode]
SIB 11 [12] : measurement control information [in the RRC connected mode]
read and valid: idle, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH.
(SIB 11/12 is also valid in the CELL_DCH.)
4
RNC
UTRAN
SIB 4 & SIB 12

(SIB 3 & SIB 11)
I am in the
CELL_DCH sub-state
Node B
RNC
Measurement Control and Measurement Report

RNC
UE
Measurement Control [RLC-AM,

DCCH]
RNC
UE
Measurement Control [RLC-AM,

DCCH]
[RLC-AM, DCCH] Measurement Control Failure
There is a
measurement
event!
UE
[RLC-UM/AM, DCCH] Measurement Report

6
RNC
Measurement Control
Measurement Control (
)
RNC
UE
UE IEs
Measurement IEs
Measurement Identity
Measurement Command
setup/modify/release
Measurement Reporting Mode
RLC AM/UM and

periodical reporting/event trigger
Additional measurements list
includes non-frequency
related cell info
PhyCH IEs
Measurement Type
Measurement
Events
Part II
Traffic Volume
Measurement
4A, 4B
Part
III
UE Internal
Measurements
6A, 6B, 6C, 6D,

6E, 6F, 6G
Part
IV
Quality Measurements
5A
Part V
Intra-Frequency
Measurements
1A, 1B, 1C, 1D,

1E, 1F
Part
VI
Inter-Frequency
Measurements
2A, 2B, 2C, 2D,

2E, 2F
Part
VII
Inter-RAT Measurements
3A, 3B, 3C, 3D
CHOICE Measurement type
DPCH compressed mode

status info

8
Maximum number of neighbours

The maximum number of neighbours that can be defined in RNC database
is
ADJS: 31
31 neighbours + serving cell = 32 cells to measure
ADJI: 32/carrier, total 48
ADJG: 32

9
Soft Handover
HC supports the following measurement reporting events and features:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell addition)
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell deletion)
Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
(Ncell replacement)
Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and available
resources
Admission Control can reject the branch addition in case the maximum load is
achieved in DL (threshold + offset), valid both for RT and NRT bitrates.
Hard blocking may prevent branch addition

10
1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range

ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient
Strongest CPICH in AS
Ec/Io
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
AdditionWin
dow
1
2
P CPICH 3
time
AdditionTime
Measurement
Report
no
To the
AS?

11
RNC
AdditionReportingInterval
4
Cell 1
Cell 2
ACTIVE SET
UPDATE
Addition A-I
Core
Networ
k
Active AMR Call ongoing

MEASUREMENT CONTROL
RRC
MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): e1a
RRC
RRC
RRC
Handov
er
Control
Admission
Control
RADIO LINK ADDITION
NBAP
REQUEST
NBAP RADIO LINK ADDITION RESPONSE NBAP
NBAP
ALCAP
ERQ
ALCAP
ALCAP
ECF
ALCAP
FP
Downlink Sync
FP
FP
Uplink Sync
FP
ACTIVE SET UPDATE
RRC
ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE
RRC
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
RRC
Required for soft handover
RRC
RRC
RRC
New Cell has been Added and Neighbour lists are updated
12
1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range
Strongest CPICH in AS
Ec/Io
P CPICH 1
2
P CPICH 2
DropWindow
1
P CPICH 3
3
time
DropTime
Measurement
Report
13
Remove
the
reported
cell from
the AS
SHO_e1b
BTS
UE
RNC
Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO)

- Event 1B is triggered
RRC Measurement Report
RRC: Active Set Update Request
RRC: Active Set Update Complete
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Request
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response
RRC: Measurement
Control

14
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an

active primary CPICH
AS has 3 cells
Ec/Io
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 4
ReplacementWindow
P CPICH 3
weakest CPICH3 in AS
time
2
3
ReplacementTime
ReplacementReportingInterval
no
Measurement
Report

15
AS
update?
RNC
SHO_e1c
BTS
UE
RNC
Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO)

- Event 1C is triggered
RRC: Measurement Report
NBAP: Radio Link Addition Request
NBAP:Radio Link Addition Response
RRC: Active Set Update Request
RRC: Active Set Update Complete
NBAP:
Radio Link Deletion Request
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response
RRC: Measurement
Control

16
Neighbourhood List Combination for Intrafrequency HOs

Two Cells in the
Active Set
Cell 2
Cell 1
Cell
5
Cell 9
Neighbour List
Cell 6:
Cell 2
Cell3
Cell 7
Cell 11
Cell 10
Cell 5
18
Cell 3
Cell 6
Cell
10
Neighbour List
Cell 7:
Cell 3
Cell4
Cell 8
Cell 12
Cell 11
Cell 6
Cell 4
Cell 7
Cell
11
Cell 8
Neighbour cells
defined only for
Cell 7
Cell
12
Cell 3
Cell 3
Cell11
Cell11
Neighbour cells
which are common
to Cell 6 and Cell 7
Neighbour cells
defined only for
Cell 6
Cell
Cell22
Cell7
Cell7
Cell
Cell10
10
Cell
Cell55
Cell
Cell44
Cell 8
Cell 8
Cell
Cell12
12
Cell
Cell66
Cell
Cell
Neighbourhood List
for Intra-frequency HOs
15 Combination
Cell 1
Cell
Cell22
Cell
Cell55
Cell
Cell77
Cell
Cell99
Cell
Cell
11
11
Cell
Cell
15
15
Cell
Cell
48
48
Cell
Cell44
Cell
Cell
41
41
Cell
Cell66
....
Step
Step11
...
...
Cell
Cell
43
43
Three Cells in the

Active Set
20
15
Cell
Cell
21
21
Cell
Cell22
Cell
Cell77
Cell
Cell
37
37
Cell
Cell
51
51
Cell
Cell
49
49
Cell
Cell99
Cell
Cell
10
10
Cell
Cell
56
56
...
...
Cell
Cell
25
Neighbour
25 Cells
Lists
Step
Step44
Cell 1
Cell
Cell22
Cell
Cell33
Cell
Cell77
Step
Step22
Cell
Cell
11
11
Common to 3
Neighbour Lists
Cell
Cell
50
50
Cell
Cell99
Cell
Cell
13
13
Cell
Cell
10
10
Cell
Cell
22
22
...
...
Common to
2
Neighbour
Lists
Step
Step33
Cell
Cell
33
33
Neighbour Cells
defined for only 1
Neighbour list:
best Ec/No first
Cell2
Cell2
Cell
Cell77
Cell
9
Cell
Cell
Cell9
11
11
Cell
Cell
15
15
Cell
Cell
Cell
37
Cell
37
10
10
Cell
Cell
41
41
Cell
Cell
49
49
..
..
Cell
Cell
Max
32
Cells
Intersystem Handovers

21
3G 2G interworking
Handover from GSM to WCDMA or vice-versa is an inter-RAT HHO

Interworking is also possible in Idle Mode when making cell
selection
Handover reasons are mainly based on coverage in WCDMA and
load in GSM
Compressed Mode is used in WCDMA for inter-RAT neighbour
measurements before handover decision
Service downgrade / upgrade might be needed during inter-RAT
handover
GSM to WCDMA initiated by the GSM radio network
WCDMA to GSM initiated by the WCDMA radio network (UTRAN)

22
Compressed Mode (= Slotted Mode)

The problem:
A CS call takes place. The UE is in the CELL_DCH sub-state. There is
a continuous transmission both in the uplink and downlink
direction. UTRAN wants the UE to perform inter-frequency and
inter-RAT measurements to support inter-frequency handovers.
But how can the UE make measurements on other frequency carriers
except for the serving frequency carrier, when it has to receive
continuously data?
There are two ways to overcome the problem:
Either the UE has a dual receiver, or
The compressed mode is applied.

23
Compressed Mode: Transmission Gap Methods

3, 4, 5, 7,
timeslots
Single-frame method
TGL
radio frame
radio frame
Double-frame method
TGL
radio frame
transmitted TSs: 8
24
radio frame
Compressed Mode (Slotted Mode)

TGPL1
TGPL2
TGD
TGSN
TGD
TGL1
TGL2
TG Pattern 1
TG
Pattern 1
#1
TG
Pattern 1
#3
TG
Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 2
#4
#TGPRC
transmission gap pattern sequence
TGCNF
TG
TGPL
TGSN
TGL2
TG Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 2
#2
TGL1
Transmission Gap
Transmission Gap Pattern Length
Transmission Gap Starting slot Number

25
TGL
TGD
TGPRC
Transmission Gap Length

Transmission Gap start Distance
TG Pattern Repeat Count
Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G Procedure

Handover Triggering Thresholds set
in RNC
Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity
based HO fulfilled in RNC
RNC commands the UE to start
IS measurements periodically
Measurements are done in
Compressed Mode (CM)
RSSI measurements and
verification for GSM cells
UE reports best GSM cells having
strongest RSSI results back to RNC
RNC makes HO decision and
commands UE to target cell
26
ISHO measurements can be triggered for different
reasons
To measure GSM frequencies, 3G UE needs (a) dual
receiver or (b) Compressed Mode capability
CM to create gap during which BCCH frequencies on

the 2G network can be measured
CM introduces a delay which depends on the
measurement reason and pattern used
Two types of CM measurements; GSM RSSI & GSM
BSIC verification
Methods for implementing CM are (i) High Layer
Scheduling (HLS), (ii) Spreading Factor Halving (SF/2)
Handover decision driven by RNC using measurements

made by UE
Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G Procedure

Configured UE measurements
RAN Internal measurements

UL Quality
Downlink DPCH power
deterioration
UE Tx power CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/I0
Initiate Compressed Mode

Configure GSM measurements
UE Reports
GSM RSSI measurements
No
GSM cell
meets HO condition ?
Yes
No
Is BSCI verification
required?
Yes
Initiate Compressed Mode

Configure GSM measurements
UE Reports
GSM BSIC measurements

27
Initiate Handover
e.g. P-CPICH Ec/No
1. Measurement trigger CPICH Ec/No

Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold
(HO triggered if all)
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
1E: HHoEcNoCancel
absolute
hreshold
1F: HHoEcNoThresh
time
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis

28
Compressed Mode Procedure

RNC commands the selected
UEs to enter compressed
mode and provides
compressed mode parameters
and neighbour list
During the DL reception gap
UE can make measurements
from 2G network
UE measures RSSI of GSM
neighbours and reports these
to RNC periodically
RNC commands UE to decode
BSIC of cell with strongest
RSSI
RNC makes HO decision
RNC informs UE of CM pattern and 2G neighbour

list in RRC: Measurement Control message
3GPP states that the UE must be capable of
recording a minimum number of GSM RSSI
measurement samples per transmission gap
GSM RSSI measurements are made without
acquiring GSM synchronisation
UE reports on strongest 6 GSM neighbours at
periodic interval defined by GSMMeasRepInterval
RNC applies a sliding averaging window to the
measurements provided by the UE
RNC instructs UE to perform BSIC verification
(AMR=always, PS=as required) using new CM
pattern
BSIC verification
needs synchronisation
to GSM
IS-HO
Target Cell found
IS-HO trigger
command
frame
WCDM
A
RNC sends handover

command to UE
29
RSSI
measuremen
TRSSI
ts
BSIC verification
TBSIC
Handover Decision

30
Inter System
Handover - I
MEASUREMENT CONTROL (DCCH)
RRC
Core
Networ
k
RRC
Reporting event 1f
triggers for first Cell
in Active set
MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): Event 1f for first cell in Active
RRC
RRC
Set
Reporting event 1f
ISHO triggering
triggers for last Cell
in Active set
MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): Event 1f for last cell in Active
RRC
RRC
Set
Decision to activate inter-RAT
measurements. Determination
of CM-pattern
RL
RECONFIGURATION
NBAP
NBAP
PREPARE
RL RECONFIGURATION
NBAP
NBAP
READY
Initial
NBAP
RL RECONFIGURATION COMIT
NBAP
RRC
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION (DCCH)
RRC
RRC
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE (DCCH)
RRC
COMPRESSED MODE
COMMAND (CFN, TGPSI2)
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
MEASUREMENT CONTROL (DCCH): RSSI, CFN, TGPSI2
RRC
RRC
MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): GSM RSSI, BCCH ARFCN
RRC
RRC
MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): GSM RSSI, BCCH ARFCN
RRC

31
Compressed
Mode
Configuration
GSM RSSI
Measuremen
t
Inter System
Handover - II
NBAP
RRC
RRC
COMPRESSED MODE
COMMAND (CFN, TGSPI3)
MEASUREMENT CONTROL (DCCH): BSIC, CFN, TGPSI3

MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): BSIC, GSM Cell index)
NBAP
RRC
Handover Request
RELOCATION REQUIRED
BSSMAP
RANAP
BSSMAP
RANAP
Handover Request
RELOCATION COMMAND
Acknowledge
BSSMAP
RANAP
IU RELEASE COMMAND
Handover Detect
RANAP
BSSMAP
RANAP
RIL3-RR
IU RELEASE COMPLETE
RANAP
BSSMAP
NBAP
Handover Complete
BSSMAP
RRC
RIL3-RR
Handover Access
RIL3-RR
RANAP
BSSMAP
NBAP
NBAP
RADIO LINK DELETION

REQUEST
RADIO LINK DELETION
RESPONSE
GSM BSIC
Identification
BSSMAP
RANAP
HANDOVER FROM UTRAN COMMAND
Handover Complete
A - Interface
RRC
RRC
RIL3-RR
Core
Core
Networ
Networ
kk
BSC
NBAP
ALCAP
RELEASE REQUEST
ALCAP
ALCAP
RELEASE RESPONSE
ALCAP
ALCAP
RELEASE REQUEST
ALCAP
ALCAP
RELEASE RESPONSE
ALCAP
UE is now on 2G and 3G resources have been released

33
ISHO 3G -> 2G - AMR Signaling Flow

U
E
RRC: Measurement
Report
RRC: Physical Channel

Reconfiguration Complete
RRC: Measurement
Report
RRC: Measurement
Report
Node
B
RNC
RRC: Measurement
Control
NBAP: Radio Link

Reconfiguration
Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link
Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link
Reconfiguration
Commit
Reconfiguration
NBAP: Compressed Mode

Command
RRC: Measurement
Control
NBAP: Compressed Mode

Command
RRC: Measurement
Control
CN
ISHO triggering
(5 reasons are
possible)
Initial
Compressed
Mode
Configuration
GSM RSSI
Measure
ment
GSM BSIC
Identificatio
nRANAP: Relocation
Required
RRC: Handover from UTRAN

Command
RANAP: Relocation
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Complete
BSIC verification always performed for AMR calls no interrupt in voice

35
call
ISHO 3G -> 2G - PS Signaling Flow

U
E
Node
B
RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration

Complete
CN
RNC
RRC: Measurement
Control
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration

Prepare
Ready
Commit
Reconfiguration
ISHO triggering (5 reasons

are possible)
Initial
Compressed
Mode
Configuration
NBAP: Compressed Mode Command

RRC: Measurement Control
GSM RSSI Measurement

RRC: Cell Change Order from
UTRAN
RANAP: SRNS Context

Request
RANAP: SRNS Context
Response
RANAP: SRNS Data Forward
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Complete
In most cases BSIC verification is not required (data interrupt as UE moves to 2G)
PS makes use of RRC: CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN message
36
Ec/No
Threshold,
AMR
Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G Tuning
Different CPICH EcNo thresholds were used with setting 3:
Routes
Route 2
Route 4
Route 6
Total

37
EcNo
(IS-HO Success) % IS-HO
Threshold
/(Attempts)
success rate
-11
-12
-14
-11
-12
-14
-11
-12
-14
-11
-12
-14
12/12
12/12
3/9
7/9
8/9
7/9
13/16
13/16
9/20
32/37
33/37
19/38
100%
100%
33.3%
77.7%
88.8%
77.7%
81.25%
81.25%
45%
86.50%
89.20%
50%
IS-HO performance at
threshold values of 11 dB
and 12 dB is very similar.
Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G Tuning
Routes
Route 2
Route 3
Route 4
Route 6
Total

38
RSCP
Threshold,
AMR
RSCP
(IS-HO Success)
% IS-HO
Threshold
/(Attempts)
success rate
-105
-106
-107
-105
-106
-107
-105
-106
-107
-105
-106
-107
-105
-106
-107
9/9
9/9
8/9
10/10
14/15
11/15
8/9
8/9
6/9
21/25
16/20
-48/53
47/53
25/33
100%
100%
88%
100%
93.3%
73.3%
88%
88%
66%
84%
80%
-90.5%
88.7%
75.8%
IS-HO performance at
threshold values of 105
dB and 106 dB is very
similar.
2G -> 3G Handover

39
Load and Coverage Reason Handover

Load
Loadreason
reason
handover
handoverfor
forspeech
speech
and
for
HSCSD
and for HSCSD
GSM high
loaded
WCDMA low
loaded
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
Load reason
handover
40
GSM
GSMcan
canbe
beused
usedto
toextend
extend
WCDMA
coverage
area
WCDMA coverage area
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMAcan
canbe
beused
used
to
relieve
GSM
overload
to relieve GSM overload
WCDMA
WCDMA
Mobile moving
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
Coverage reason
handover
Load based handover GSM -> WCDMA
Load of GSM cell

100%
Load reason
Speech
Speechto
toWCDMA
WCDMA
handovers
only
with
high
only with highGSM
GSMload
load
for speech
More
Morecapacity
capacity
for
speech
for speech
Packet
PacketData
Datato
toWCDMA
WCDMA
regardless
of
GSM
regardless of GSMload
load
Higher
Higherbit
bitrates
rates
for
data
users
for data users
80%
0%
41
Inter-System handover procedure to WCDMA
Inter-RAT
Inter-RATmeasurements
measurementsstarts
startsin
incase
case
he
RXLEV
of
the
serving
cell
is
above
the RXLEV of the serving cell is aboveor
or
below
the
given
threshold
Qsearch_C,
below the given threshold Qsearch_C,
(threshold
(thresholdfor
forMulti-RAT
Multi-RATMS)
MS)
Handover
Handoverdecision
decisionisisdone
donein
incase
caseof
of
oad
of
the
serving
cell
>
load_Threshold
oad of the serving cell > load_Threshold
and
andCPICH
CPICHEc/No
Ec/No(MET)
(MET)>> Min
MinEc/No
Ec/No
threshold
threshold
MS
MSselects
selectsthe
thetarget
targetUTRAN
UTRANcell
cellbased
based
on
measurement
results
on measurement results
Handover
Handovercommand
commandisissend
sendto
toMSC
MSC

42
Qsearch_C= always (default)
Load threshold = 80% (default)

Load reporting interval= 20 s (default)
ISHO L3 Signalling 2G->3G

43

WCDMA Handovers: Soc Classification Level Presentation / Author / Date 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

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WCDMA Handovers

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

SIB 4 & SIB 12

Measurement Control and Measurement Report

Measurement Control [RLC-AM,

Measurement Control [RLC-AM,

Soc Classification level

Measurement Reporting Mode

RLC AM/UM and

Additional measurements list

6A, 6B, 6C, 6D,

1A, 1B, 1C, 1D,

2A, 2B, 2C, 2D,

3A, 3B, 3C, 3D

CHOICE Measurement type

DPCH compressed mode

Soc Classification level

Maximum number of neighbours

Soc Classification level

Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and available

Soc Classification level

1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range

Soc Classification level

Active AMR Call ongoing

MEASUREMENT REPORT (DCCH): e1a

ACTIVE SET UPDATE

ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE

Required for soft handover

1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range

Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO)

RRC Measurement Report

RRC: Active Set Update Request

RRC: Active Set Update Complete

NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Request

NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response

Soc Classification level

1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an

Soc Classification level

Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO)

RRC: Measurement Report

NBAP: Radio Link Addition Request

NBAP:Radio Link Addition Response

RRC: Active Set Update Request

RRC: Active Set Update Complete

NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response

Soc Classification level

Neighbourhood List Combination for Intrafrequency HOs

Three Cells in the

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Handover from GSM to WCDMA or vice-versa is an inter-RAT HHO

Soc Classification level

Compressed Mode (= Slotted Mode)

Soc Classification level

Compressed Mode: Transmission Gap Methods

Compressed Mode (Slotted Mode)

transmission gap pattern sequence

Soc Classification level

Transmission Gap Length

Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G Procedure

ISHO measurements can be triggered for different