Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 Nervous System
2.1.1
System
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
System
2.1.5
System
Organization of Nervous
Classification of Neurons
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
Autonomic Nervous
http://www.slideshare.net/jcott5/notes-regulation-nervous-and-chemical-ib-18402996
2.1.1 Organization of
Nervous System
http://anatomybodyblog.com/images/9991-simple-nervous-system-diagram.jpg
http://antranik.org/neurons-in-the-nervous-system/
2.1.2 Classification of
Neurons
Structural classification of Neurons:
Based on the number of processes extending from
the cell body, neurons are structurally classified into:
1. multipolar neurons has several processes.
Eg. motor and interneurons
http://antranik.org/neurons-in-the-nervous-system/
3. association / interneuron
carry impulses from sensory /afferent neuron to motor
/efferent neuron.
Their cell bodies are always located in the CNS.
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/reflex-arc-diagram
http://gallery4share.com/c/centralnervous-system-diagram-3d.html
A.The Brain
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/72/flashcards/255072/png/brain_structure1333211931067.png
A.The Brain
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/control-coordination/central-nervous-system.php
http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch49/49_09bBrainDevelopmtAdlt-L.jpg
1. Cerebrum / Telencephalon
The largest portion of the human brain.
Cerebrum has two halves, i.e. the left & right cerebral
hemispheres.
A deep groove called the longitudinal fissure divides the left &
right cerebral hemispheres.
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of
tracts within the corpus callosum.
Functions:
1. to receive sensory input, carry out integration and
commanding voluntary motor responses.
2. to coordinate the activities of the other parts of the
brains.
3. for learning and memory.
4. for language and speech.
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/control-coordination/central-nervous-system.php
2. Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus, thalamus & pineal gland belong to
the diencephalon.
Hypothalamus forms the floor of the third
ventricle.
Functions:
1. - integrating centre that helps maintain homeostasis by
regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature,
and
water balance.
2. - controls the pituitary gland
3. - serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine
systems.
3. Thalamus
Consists of two masses of gray matter located in
the sides and roof of the third ventricle.
Functions:
1. receiving end for all sensory input except smell.
2. integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory
information
and send it to the appropriate portions of the brain.
3. participate in higher mental functions such as
memory &
emotion
4. Pineal Gland
- Secretes the hormone melatonin.
5. Cerebellum
Separated from the brain stem by the fourth ventricle.
It receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints,
and muscles about the present position of body parts
and receive motor output from the cerebral cortex
about where these parts should be located. After
integrating these information, it sends motor impulses
by way of the brain stem to the skeletal muscles.
Functions:
1. maintains posture and balance.
2. ensure skeletal muscles to produce smooth,
coordinated voluntary movements.
3. assists the learning of the new motor skills.
6. Midbrain
Functions:
7. Pons
Functions:
1 regulate breathing rate together with medulla
oblongata.
2. has reflex centres concerned with head movement in
response to visual and auditory stimuli.
8. Medulla Oblongata
Functions:
1. has reflex centres for regulating heartbeat,
breathing, and
vasoconstriction (blood pressure).
2. has reflex centres for vomiting, coughing,
sneezing,
hiccuping, and swallowing.
3. control involuntary actions.
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/control-coordination/central-nervous-system.php
http://antranik.org/central-nervous-system-spinal-cord/
http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/29867
http://global.britannica.com/science/vagus-nerve
oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah.
http://usmle1mikmonics.tumblr.com/post/79983374433/artofapa-cranial-nerves-from-j-muniz
Spinal Nerves:
Human has 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Each spinal
nerve originates when two short branches, or roots,
join together.
The dorsal root contains sensory fibres that
conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the
spinal cord. The cell body of a sensory neuron is in
the dorsal-root ganglion. The ventral root contains
motor fibres that conduct impulses from the spinal
cord to the effectors.
All spinal nerves are mixed nerves that contain
many sensory and motor fibres.
Each spinal nerve serves the particular region of
the body in which it is located.
Diagram
showing
the
different
spinal
nerves
http://antranik.org/central-nervous-system-spinal-cord/
Reflex Action
Reflex action: The fast, automatic, and
involuntary response to an external
stimulus.
Reflex arc: The pathway or neurons
involved in a reflex action.
The basic elements of the reflex arc are:
http://genius.com/Human-physiology-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system-i-annotated/
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/766/flashcards/182766/png/reflex_arc_21320618413113.png
Sympathetic Division
Most preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic
division arise from the middle, or thoracic-lumbar,
portion of the spinal cord and terminate in ganglia
that lie near the cord.
Preganglionic fibre is short, but the postganglionic
fibre is long.
Control involuntary actions during emergency
situation.
The neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic
fibre is acetylcholine, but the neurotransmitter
released by the postganglionic fibre is
norepinephrine.
Functions: (refer to the diagram)
Parasympathetic Division
Includes a few cranial nerves (eg. vagus nerve) and fibres
that arise from the sacral portion of the spinal cord.
This division is often referred to as the craniosacral
portion of the autonomic system
Preganglionic fibre is long, but the postganglionic fibre is
short.
Control involuntary actions during relaxed situation.
The neurotransmitter released by both the preganglionic
and postganglionic fibres is acetylcholine.
Functions: (refer to the diagram)
http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/comparison-of-autonomic-andsomatic-motor-systems-cell-bodies-axons-effect-neurotransmittor-ach-ne.jpg
http://www.depure.org/nervous-working-system-in-human-body/autonomic-nervous-system/
http://33.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_loqn8drDgY1qbub56o1_500.gif
http://genius.com/Human-physiology-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system-i-annotated/