Highway Design

Class 3
Vehicles

From Last Time

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Ex. CIVL 412 Question on Homework

Homework 1
Due 02/01/2016 (Today)

Road Vehicle
Performance
Why is vehicle
performance
important?
Determines all highway
design and traffic
operations
Defines how
transportation engineers
must react to advancing
vehicle technologies
The single most
important factor in
defining the tradeoff
between mobility
(speed) and safety
3

Vehicle Performance
Vehicle Capabilities
Acceleration
Breaking
Accident
Reconstruction
Enviro Impacts
Emissions
Fuel
Noise
Etc.

Vehicle Performance
Driver Capabilities
perception/reacti
on times
eyesight
(peripheral
range, height
above roadway)

Acceleration
Case of constant Power
Where t = time
Where f = force and x = distance
Where v = velocity

Acceleration
Speed vs Time
v

v
Falling object

Vehicles

Constant
Acceleration

Constant Power

Distance vs Time
x

x
Falling object

Constant
Acceleration

Vehicles

Constant Power

t
7

Acceleration
Speed vs Distance

60

30

Acceleration, Velocity, Distance

vf = v0 + at

where

d = v0t +
()at2
vf2 = v02 +
2ad ft/sec
vf = final velocity,
v0 = initial velocity, ft/sec
a = acceleration or deceleration, ft/sec2
t = time, sec
d = distance, ft

Resistance Forces

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Air
Inertial
Grade
Rolling
Curve

1. Air Resistance
Fa = 0.5 x C x A x ( x v2)
C = drag coefficient (0.4 0.8)
A = frontal cross sectional area (ft2)
= air density (lb/ft3) (0.078)
v = vehicle velocity (ft/sec)

Coefficient of Drag CD

Volkswagen XL1 =
0.189

GM EV1 = 0.195

12

2. Inertial Resistance
Force to accelerate
Fi = m x a = (w/g) x a
w = weight (lbs)
g = 32.2 (ft/sec2)
a = accel (ft/sec2)

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin

Fg

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin

23o

w = 2.6 Tons
Fg

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin
23o
12

13

w = 5200 #

Fg = 2000 #

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin

23o

w = 5200 #
Fg = 2000 #

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin

23o

w = 5200 #
Fg = 2000 #

3. Grade Resistance

Fg = m x g x sin

6o

10

w = 2.6 Tons

Fg

3. Grade Resistance

6o
10

w = 5200 #

9.94

1.04

Fg 520 #

If the angle
is small,
Sin Tan

4. Rolling Resistance
90% Tire deformation
10% Mechanical parts
Fr = x w
Fr

Order of magnitude: 70 lbs/ton

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.

If a vehicle is on a hill, the grade

resistance will tend to make it roll
downhill
The rolling resistance will tend to
keep the vehicle from rolling downhill
Although it is good to know the
vehicle weight, the weight is not
necessary to solve these types of
problems because mass is
proportional to weight.

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.
Say a concrete truck is parked on a
hill and assume it weighs 5 tons.
Assume the rolling resistance is 50
lbs per ton. Assume the hill is a 3%
grade (3 vertical per 100 horizontal).
Once the parking brake fails, how
fast will the truck be rolling down the
hill in 10 seconds?

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.

3%

3
100

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.
GRADE:
3
100

100.045

3%

9,995.50 #

100

10,000.00 #

100

100.045

3
3

299.87#

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.
ROLLING:
3%
50#x (9,995.50#/2000#/ton)
= 249.89#

9,995.50 #
100.045

100

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.
ROLLING +
FRICTION:

3%
249.89#
299.87

49.98#
100.045

100

9,995.50 #

3. & 4. Rolling and Grade

Resist.
F=mxa
F = m x a = (w/g) a = 49.98#
F = (10,000/32.2) a = 49.98#
a = 49.98 (32.2/10,000)=0.161
ft/sec2
After 10 seconds, v = 1.61 ft/sec
(1.08 mph)
Dist = a t2 = (.5)(0.161) (100) =
8.05 feet

5. Curve Resistance

F=mxa
Fc = m x ac = (w/g) x v2/(2
x R)

V = speed (velocity)
(ft/sec)
w = weight (lbs)
g = 32.2 (ft/sec2)
a = accel (ft/sec2)

Power and Force Requirements

v = speed (velocity)
(ft/sec)
R = sum of resistances
(lbs)
R = Fa ,Fi , Fg , Fr , Fc

Tractive Effort; Coefficient of Adhesion

Tractive
Effort ()

Force required to overcome Resistance

Maximum tractive effort available from road surface

coefficient of road
adhesion

= coefficient of road adhesion

Pavement

Ma
x

Slid
e

Good and dry

1.00 0.80

Good and wet

0.90 0.60

Poor and dry

0.80 0.55

Poor and wet

0.60 0.30

Packed
snow/ice

0.25 0.10

Max F for front and rear wheel drive vehicles

Sum moments about the front and rear axle
31

Velocity and Acceleration

vf = v0 + at
d = v0t +
()at2
2
2
v
=
v
0 + Rates:
Typical fAcceleration
2ad
Vehicle
acceleration (ft/sec2)
Car
10
Hi-performance Car
15
Big Rig
2

Driver Characteristics
The Sensory Process
1. Visual (sight)
2. Kinesthetic (movement)
3. Vestibular (equilibrium)
4. Auditory (hearing)

Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction Time
The interval
between seeing,
feeling, or hearing
a traffic
situation
and making an
initial response to
what has been
perceived.

Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction: 4 Points

1.
2.
3.
4.

Detection
Identification
Decision
Response

Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction
Detection something enters the
field of vision
Identification Sufficient
information is collected to make a
decision
Decision What action to take
Response Action carried out

Critical Distances

Sight Distance:
The length of highway visible
ahead to the driver of a vehicle.

Sight Distances
Stopping Sight
Distance
Passing Sight
Distance
Complex Locations
Decision Sight
Distance

Sight Distances
Stopping Sight
Distance
Passing Sight
Distance
Complex Locations
Decision Sight
Distance

Stopping Sight Distance

The minimum distance
required to stop a vehicle
traveling near the design
speed, before it reaches a
stationary object in the
vehicles path

Stopping Sight Distance

Brake Reaction
Distance
Braking Distance

Stopping Sight
Brake Reaction Distance
v0tr = 1.47 v0tr
Braking Distance

Equations
translate mph
into feet

v2/(2a) = 1.075 v2/(2a)

Stoppings Safe Stopping Distance
(SSD)
SSD = v0tr + v2/(2a)
here a is deceleration
a = see next slide

Stopping Sight
Stoppings
Safe Stopping Distance

(SSD)
SSD = v0tr + v2/(2a)

0.4 Most car companies guarantee

0.8 0.9 high performance

Accident Reconstruction

Average: 0.9 seconds

Very good: 0.6 seconds
Used for design: 2.5 seconds

44

Stopping Distance - Flat

Source: AASHTO

Stopping Distance - Grade

V mph. d is feet. G expressed in percent.

If a 5% upgrade, G would be 5.
Source: AASHTO

Stopping Distance - Grade

Source: AASHTO

Stopping Distance | Stopping Sight

Distance
You not only have to stop,
you have to stop because
you noticed something!

Stopping Sight Distance

Driver = 3.5 feet above pavement

Object = 2.0 feet above pavement

Stopping Sight Distance

M is called the Middle Ordinate

Stopping Sight Distance

Vehicle Types

Simple
Classification
Cars
Buses
Trucks
Recreational
Vehicles

Vehicle Types
Detailed
Classification
Cars
Cars
Vans
SUVs

Buses

Mini-bus
City-bus
Suburban Bus
Articulated Bus

Recreational
Vehicles

Detailed Classification
Trucks
Single Unit (SU)
Semi-Trailer (WB)

Design Vehicle Dimensions

Design Vehicle Properties

Turning Properties WB-40

Turning Properties WB-40

Designing a Curb

Turning Properties WB-40

Turning Properties WB-40

Turning Properties WB-40