Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Outline
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency
Wavelength
AC current
60 Hz
5,000 km
FM radio
100 MHz
3m
Cellular
800 MHz
37.5 cm
Ka band satellite
20 GHz
15 mm
Ultraviolet light
1015 Hz
10-7 m
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Types of Waves
Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)
Stratosphere
(12 - 50 km)
Space wave
tter
i
m
s
Tran
Ground wave
Rece
Earth
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
iver
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Initials
Frequency Range
Extremely low
ELF
< 300 Hz
Infra low
ILF
300 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low
VLF
3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low
LF
Medium
MF
Ground/Sky
wave
High
HF
3 MHz - 30 MHz
Sky wave
Very high
VHF
Ultra high
UHF
Super high
SHF
3 GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high
EHF
high
THF
300 Zeng.
GHzAll- 3000
GHz
Copyright Tremendously
2003, Dr. Dharma P.
Agrawal
and Dr. Qing-An
rights reserved.
Characteristics
Ground wave
Space wave
Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Direct Signal
Reflected Signal
hb
Diffracted
Signal
Transmitter
hm
Receiver
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Free-space Propagation
hb
hm
Transmitter
Distance d
Receiver
Pr
AeGtPt
4d 2
Antenna Gain
Example:
Antenna with diameter = 2 m, frequency = 6 GHz, wavelength = 0.05 m
G = 39.4 dB
Frequency = 14 GHz, same diameter, wavelength = 0.021 m
G = 46.9 dB
* Higher the frequency, higher the gain for the same size antenna
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Land Propagation
Gt Gr Pt
Pr
L
where Gr is the receiver antenna gain,
L is the propagation loss in the channel,
i.e.,
L = LP LS LF
Fast fading
Slow fading
Path loss
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
10
Pt
LP ,
Pr
Path Loss in Free-space:
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
11
Simplest Formula:
Lp = A d-
where
A and : propagation constants
d : distance between transmitter and receiver
: value of 3 ~ 4 in typical urban area
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
12
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
13
Urban area:
LPU (dB) 69.55 26.16 log10 f c ( MHz ) 13.82 log10 hb (m) hm (m)
44.9 6.55 log10 hb (m) log10 d (km)
where
2
3.2 log10 11.75hm (m) 4.97, for f c 400 MHz
Suburban area:
Open area:
f c ( MHz )
28
5.4
LPO (dB ) LPU (dB ) 4.78 log10 f c ( MHz ) 18.33 log10 f c ( MHz ) 40.94
2
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
14
Path Loss
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
15
fc=200MHz
170
fc=400MHz
160
fc=800MHz
150
fc=1000MHz
140
fc=1500MHz
fc=150MHz
130
120
110
100
0
10
20
30
Distance d (km)
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
16
180
170
fc=150MHz
160
fc=200MHz
150
fc=400MHz
140
fc=800MHz
130
fc=1000MHz
120
fc=1500MHz
110
100
0
10
20
30
Distance d (km)
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
17
160
fc=150MHz
150
fc=200MHz
140
fc=400MHz
130
fc=800MHz
120
fc=1000MHz
110
fc=1500MHz
100
90
0
10
15
20
25
30
Distance d (km)
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
18
140
fc=150MHz
130
fc=200MHz
120
fc=400MHz
110
fc=800MHz
100
fc=1000MHz
fc=1500MHz
90
80
0
10
15
20
25
30
Distance d (km)
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
19
Fading
Fast Fading
(Short-term fading)
Slow Fading
(Long-term fading)
Signal
Strength
(dB)
Path Loss
Distance
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
20
Slow Fading
p M
1
e
2
M M
2 2
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
21
Log-normal Distribution
2
p(M)
22
Fast Fading
r 2 2
p r 2 e
, r0
P (r rm) 0.5.
We have rm = 1.777
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
23
Rayleigh Distribution
P(r)
1.0
0.8
=1
0.6
=2
0.4
=3
0.2
r
2
10
24
r
p r 2 e
r 2 2
2 2
r
I0
, r0
where
is the standard deviation,
I0(x) is the zero-order Bessel function of the first kind,
is the amplitude of the direct signal
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
25
Rician Distribution
= 0 (Rayleigh)
=1
=2
=3
0.6
0.5
Pdf p(r)
0.4
0.3
=1
0.2
0.1
00
4
r
26
Fading Rate:
Depth of Fading:
Fading Duration:
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
27
Doppler Shift
Doppler Effect: When a wave source and a receiver are moving towards
each other, the frequency of the received signal will not be the same as the
source.
When they are moving toward each other, the frequency of the received signal
is higher than the source.
When they are opposing each other, the frequency decreases.
f R fC f D
v
f D cos
Moving
speed v
MS
Signal
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
28
Delay Spread
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
29
V3
V4
Signal strength
V1
Time
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
30
Delay Spread
Signal Strength
Delay
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
31
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
32
1
Time
0
Received signal
(short delay)
Time
Propagation time
Delayed signals
Received signal
(long delay)
Time
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
33
Coherence Bandwidth
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
34
Cochannel Interference
Copyright 2003, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
35