DENTAL CASTING

ALLOY
Dental Material Laboratory
FKG-UPDM(B)

TERMINOLOGY

Noble metalsbasic for inlay,crown,and

bridge,metal ceramic alloyscorrosion
resistance in oral cavitychemical stable.
Precious metalschemical stability.
Semiprecious metals.
Base metals non noble elements,
components of dental casting alloyphysical
properties,control of the ammount and type
of oxidation.

FOUR NOBLE METALS

Silver

Gold

Palladium

Platinum

CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL
CASTING ALLOYS
Alloys type by function:
Type I soft
Type II medium
Type III hard
Type IV extra hard
Alloys type by description:
Yellow gold
White gold

CLASSIFICATION BY ADA 1984

High Nobel /HN > 40 % Au

Noble/N > 25 % Au
Base Metal/PB< 25 % Au

CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL ALLOYS BY

ISO/1562:
1. TYPE I LOW STRENGTH
2. TYPE II MEDIUM STRENGTH
3. TYPE III HIGH STRENGTH
4. TYPE IV EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH

KARAT AND FINENESS

The karat system specifies the gold

content of an alloy based on parts of gold per
24 part of the alloy.
Ex:24 karat gold is pure 100 % gold.
Fineness the unit that describe the gold
content in noble metal alloys by the number
of parts of gold per 1000 parts of alloys.
Ex:pure 100 % gold has a fineness of 1000

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL
CASTING ALLOYS

Biocompatibility
Corrosion resistance
Tarnish resistance
Allergenic components in casting alloys
Aesthetics
Thermal properties
Melting range
Porcelain bonding
Finishing of cast metal

DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS

Include the gold and non gold.

Noble and base metals alloys full metal and
partial venneers.

1.Silver Palladium Alloys

White coloredpredominantly silver in
composition.
Palladium at least 25 %
Silver tarnish resistance
Casting temperatures are in the range of
yellow gold alloys

2. Metal Ceramics Alloys

All the alloys have to bond to dental
porcelain
Coefficients of thermal expansion compatible
with dental porcelain
Solidus temperature is sufficiently high to
permit the application of low fusing
porcelains

A CLASIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CASTING ALLOYS

CAPABLE OF BONDING TO DENTAL
PORCELAIN,BASED ON ALLOYS COMPOSITION

Noble Metals Alloys

gold-platinum-palladium
gold-palladium-silver
gold-palladium
palladium-silver
high palladium
2. Base Metal Alloys
nickel-chromium
cobalt-chromium
other system
1.

NOBLE METAL ALLOYS FOR

PORCELAIN BONDING

gold-platinum-palladium gold content

ranging up to 88 %
gold-palladium-silver gold based alloys
between 39% and 77 % gold, up to 35 %
palladium,22 % silver
gold-palladium gold content 44-55
%,palladium 35-45 %
palladium-silver high silver levels
discoloration (yellow,green,or brown)
high palladium palladium content up to
88 %

BASE METAL ALLOYS FOR

PORCELAIN BONDING

nickel-chromium nickels levels up to 80

%,chromium content 13-22 % ( small amount
of beryllium 2 %)
cobalt-chromium only for removable
denture frame works, contain 55-68 % cobalt
and up to 25-27 % chromium but no beryllium

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME MODERN NOBLE

METAL DENTAL ALLOYS

Type I gold Au 83 %,Cu 6 %,Ag 10 %,Pd 0,5 %

Type II gold Au 77 %,Cu 7 %,Ag 14 %,Pd 1 %
Type III gold Au 75 %,Cu 9 %, Ag 11 %, Pd
3,5 %
Type III Low gold Au 46 %,Cu 8 %, Ag 39 %,
Pd 6 %

Type III silver-palladium Au -, Cu -, Ag70 %,

Pd 25 %
Type IV gold Au 69 %, Cu 10 %, Ag 12,5 %,
Pd 3,5 %
Type IV low gold Au 56 %,Cu 14 %, Ag 25 %,
Pd 4 %
Type IV silver-palladiumAu 15 %, Cu 14 %,
Ag 45 %, Pd 25 %

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1.

Type I gold

2.

- melting range 943-960 0 C

- density 16.6 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 103 Mpa
- hardness 80 VHN
- elongation 36 %
Type II gold
- melting range 924-960 0 C
- density 15,9 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 186 Mpa
- hardness 101 VHN
- elongation 38 %

3. Type III gold

- melting range 932-960 0 C
- density 15,5 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 207 Mpa
- hardness 121 VHN
- elongation 39 %
4. Type III low gold
- melting range 843-916 0 C
- density 12,8 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 241 Mpa
- hardness 138 VHN
- elongation 30 %
-

5. Type III silver-palladium

- melting range 1021-1099 0 C
- density 10,6 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 262 Mpa
- hardness 143 VHN
- elongation 10 %
6. Type IV gold
- melting range 921-943 0 C
- density 15,2 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 275 Mpa
- hardness 149 VHN
- elongation 35 %
-

7. Type IV low gold

- melting range 871-932 0 C
- density 13,6 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 372 Mpa
- hardness 186 VHN
- elongation 38 %
8. Type IV silver -palladium
- melting range 930-1021 0 C
- density 11,3 gm/cm 2
- yield strength 572 Mpa
- hardness 220 VHN
- elongation 20 %
-

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1. Co-Cr YS 710 Mpa, TS 870 Mpa, Elongation 1,6
%, Hardness 432 VHN, ME 223,5 Mpax10 6
2. Ni-Cr YS 690 Mpa, TS 800 Mpa, Elongation 3,8
%, Hardness 300 VHN, ME 182 Mpax10 6
3. Co-Cr-Ni YS 470 Mpa, TS 685 Mpa, Elongation
8 %, Hardness 264 VHN, ME 198 Mpax10 6
4. Fe-Cr YS 703 Mpa, TS 841 Mpa, Elongation 9 %,
Hardness 309 VHN, ME 202 Mpax10 6

5. Type IV gold alloys YS 493 Mpa, TS 776 Mpa,

Elongation 7 %, Hardness 264 VHN, ME 90
Mpax10 6

CASTING SHRINKAGE
The shrinkage occurs in three stages:
1.
2.
3.

The thermal contraction of liquid metal.

The contraction of metal inherent in its
change from liquid to solid state.
The thermal contraction of solid metal.

REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

ALLOYS

Type IV gold alloys

Co-Cr 60 % Co,25-30% Cr
Ni-Cr the most often used because relative
easy of casting and finishing.
Co-Cr-Ni a variation on the traditional CoCr alloys,Ni is used to form strengthening
phases.

WROUGHT ALLOYS
STAINLESS STEELS
When 12-30 % Cr is added to iron.
Element other than iron, carbon, and Cr.
Resintance tarnish and corrosionCr2O3
oxide layer.
THREE TYPES OF SS
1. FERRITIC ( Cr 11,5-27 ; Ni - ; C 0,20 )
2. AUSTENITIC ( Cr 16-26 ; Ni 7-22 ; C 0,25 )
3. MARTENSITIC ( Cr 11,5-17 ; Ni 0-2,5 ; C 0,151,20)

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

These alloys designated by American Iron and
Steel Institute series 400 SS.
This series martensitic SS
Good corrosion resistance
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Corrosion resistance <
High strength and hardness
- Used for surgical and cutting instruments

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

The most corrosion resistant alloys
Used for orthodontic wires,endodontic
instruments and crowns in pediatric dentistry
Greater ductility
- Ease of welding and soldering

SEKIAN
TERIMA KASIH