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DNA Replication
Inheritance of GeneticInformation
Since each cell needs a complete set of genes, it is necessary
for theoriginal cell to duplicate its genes before dividing.
Because the genes aremade of DNA and make up the
chromosomes, this means that each chromosome must
beaccurately copied. Upon cell division, both daughter
cellswillreceive identical sets of chromosomes, each with a
complete set of genes.
Replication of DNA
Replication of the DNAin molecular terms
means that the DNA of the original, or mother,
is duplicated to give two identical copies.
This process is known as replication.
Upon cell division each of the descendants
gets one completecopy of the DNA. The
original genes of the mother cell are on a
doublestranded DNA molecule so the first
step in replication is to separate the
twostrands of the DNA double helix.
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2
bonds
3 bonds
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A=T,
C = G.
Semiconservative Replication
1
2
3
4
Parental
strands
Parental
strands
separate
Parental strand
receives new strand of
DNA (1 set - one old
and one new strand)
10
11
12
13
5
helicase
3
Single-strand
binding
protein
Direction
of
Replicatio
n
14
15
16
17
Base-pairing of
DNA
ne
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n
ne
w
18
phosphate
T
G
A
A
TEMPLATE
STRAND
3OH
GROWING
STRAND
OH
5
OH
3 DNA POLYMERASE III MAKING DNA
DNA Polymerase III Pol (III) enzyme that
makes most of the DNA when chromosome are
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replicated
A Closer Look at
Strand Assembly
Energy for
strand
assembly is
provided by
removal of two
phosphate
groups from
free nucleotides
20
21
SSBs
Original strand of
DNA
22
23
24
5
Phosphate-O-CH2
BASE
1
4
H
H
3
Next nucleotide is
joined here
OH
H
2
25
H2O
O
OH
P
O
BASE
H2C 5
5
4
H
3
H
OH
2
3
OH
1
2
H
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27
28
GG TT GG AA AA TT GG CC GG
CC
AA
CC
TT
TT
AA
CC
GG CC
5
29
30
SSB
Leading
strand
DNA helicase
5
3
5
Lagging
strand
3
5
3
5
The Replication
Fork
31
The Replication
Fork
33
34
35
OKAZAKI
FRAGMENT
GAP
Gap in
lagging
strand
Pol I Fills
Gap with
nucleotid
es
Direction
Direction
of
of
synthesis
synthesis
Origin
al DNA
strand
DNA
Pol 1
5
Newly added
3 nucleotides
5
New 53 bond
Nick Remains
One nick
remains
3
DNA
ligase
Ligase
seals
nick
3
5
5
3
36
37
38
39
40
41
(DNA gyrase)
42
Enzymes- details
The helicase exposes the bases of the DNA
helix for the leading-strand polymerase to copy.
DNA topoisomerase or DNA gyrase enzymes
facilitate DNA helix unwinding.
In addition to the template, DNA polymerases
need a pre-existing DNA or RNA chain end (a
primer) onto which to add each nucleotide.
For this reason, the lagging strand polymerase
requires the action of a DNA primase enzyme
before it can start each Okazaki fragment.
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44
Leading strand
DNA pol III
Leading
strand
Lagging
strand
DNA
helicase
DNA
gyrase
DNA
helicase
Lagging strand
DNA pol III
45
46
47
ORIGI
N
REPLICATION
FORK
(bidirectional
replication)
48
Bacterial
chromosome
DNA replication
begins
E.coli
undergoing
binary fission
Parent DNA
molecule
DNA copy
Membrane growth moves
DNA molecules apart
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