Thinking Pattern, Mind

Mapping and Mental

Maps

4 major thinking patterns aimed to problem solving:

A)Logical thinking, B)Correlative thinking,
C)LateralorDivergent thinking, D)Nonconceptual thinking

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Even though the 4

main thinking
patterns touch each
other, as shown in
the diagram
opposite, each
pattern keeps its
individual operative
system (sphere),
because it occupies
a very distinct
function level.
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Some mental abilities involved by the 4 Thinking Patterns:

Fantasy- from Greekphantazesthai"picture to oneself" - , is the mental faculty or
activity of imagining things by an individual or group, which does not correspond
necessarily with reality, achievability, or esthetics but expresses certain desires or
aims of its creator. Fantasy typically involves situations which are impossible and can
also be of sexual nature. Philosophers assert that fantasy is what leads to artistic
creation.
Invention- from Latininvenire"devise, discover, find" - is a highly creative process
that depends on imagining ability and is comparable to fantasy and creativity.
Invention is aimed at producing achievable and functional projects, excluding
however their esthetic aspect.
Invention can be summed-up by the quote of the Hungarian physiologist Albert
Szent-Gyorgyi: ... consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what
nobody has thought.
Creativityis a mental and social process that matches together fantasy with
invention, involving the production of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of
the creative mind between already existing ideas or concepts. Creativity is fueled by
the process of either conscious or unconscious insight. Creativity is aimed at
producing achievable and functional projects, including their esthetic aspect.
Actually, from a scientific point of view, the products of creative thought should
always reflect originality and appropriateness.
Imagination- from Latinimaginari"to form a mental picture to oneself, imagine,
represent" -, also called the faculty of imagining, is the ability of forming, casting or
make visible mental images, thoughts, sensations and concepts, in a moment when
they are not perceived through perceptive senses. Imagination helps provide
meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge. "I have imagination, not
fantasy. Fantasy is not real. Imagination is to be able to imagine forms in three
dimensions" said the architect Gaud once. In fact, unlike fantasy, imagination allows
us to see things as they really are. Imagination is a purely intellective process.
Insight(orintuition) is the unpredictable faculty to discern the true nature of a
situation without the use of rational processes,Sumber:
but through
a sudden and deep
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Whole System

Sumber: IFSR (International Federation System

The meaning of
system
There is no clear agreement on
the definition of the term
system. One broadly adaptable
approach holds that a system
might be composed of things that
are real, but this does not
necessarily mean the system itself
has a reality of its own. The
system is a particular set of
attributes of a collection of things
that interact or relate to each
other in some manner. Since there
are an infinite number of variables
and constants associated with any
one thing or collection of things,
then it does not make sense that
the system is all of these
attributes. One must choose which
attributes are of interest, which is

Sumber: IFSR (International Federation System

Relationships between Systems

Science, Systems Engineering, &
Systems Thinking

We discussed how the reality of systems praxis always contains some degree of each of
our three main areas of focus: systems science (SS), systems thinking (ST), and systems
engineering (SE). In the past, when 80% of systems engineering projects arguably
involved few problem dimensions requiring systems science and systems thinking, it was
possible to ignore the need to communicate with those other fields, let alone integrate
them into a unified systems approach or systems praxis.
This no longer seems to be the case.
SE seeks solutions to the worlds problems but must consider the wide range of factors
and scopes that this solution could entail. Hitchins (1993) describes the scope of a
system as dependent on which layer it principally resides in: product, project, business,
industry, or society. SE also needs to consider more than merely the technical aspects of
a problem or solution, which can be represented by the PESTEL factors: Political,
Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological, and Legal. This has been expanded by some
to STEEPLED by adding
the factors of Ethics and Demographics.
Science seeks truth whereas engineering is seeking solutions to the worlds problems
using the truth found by science. As shown in 80 16th IFSR Conversation 2012 the figure
at right, science seeks to understand and describe properties and relationships of things
in the world while engineering strives to understand these properties and relationships in
order to apply them to solutions to engineering problems. Engineering then will create
new properties and relationships in their designed artifacts, properties including such
things as behavior, functionality, performance, structure, economy, practicality, and so
Sumber:
on. IFSR (International Federation System

Elements of the Three Cultures (after Cross,1982)

Culture

Science

Design

Phenomena

Natural world

Man-made
world

Humanitie Human
s
experience

Methods

Values

Controlled
experiment
Classification
Analysis

Objectivity
Rationality
Neutrality
Concern for
truth

Modeling
Pattern-formation
Synthesis

Practicality
Ingenuity
Empathy
Concern for
appropriateness

Subjectivity
Imagination
Commitment
Concern for
justice

Analogy
Metaphor
Criticism
Evaluation

Sumber: IFSR (International Federation System

Sumber: IFSR (International Federation System

Sumber: IFSR (International Federation System

Amind mapis adiagramused to

visually outline information. A mind
map is often created around a single
word or text, placed in the center, to
which associated ideas, words and
concepts are added. Major categories
radiate from a central node, and
lesser categories are sub-branches of
larger branches

Proses
Membu
at Mind
Mappin
g

Illumine: light

Cognitionis the process

by which the sensory
input is transformed,
reduced, elaborated,
stored, recovered, and
used

Cognitive Distortions:
1.All or nothing thinking the tendency to think in absolute
terms, like always, never and every.
2.Overgeneralisation taking isolated situations and
applying them in a wide generalised way.
3.Mental filter focussing exclusively on one, usually
negative aspect and ignoring the larger, more positive
picture.
4.Discounting the positive continually ignoring positive
aspects for arbitrary reasons.
5.Jumping to conclusions-assuming something negative
where there is actually no evidence to support it. Two specific
subtypes are also identified:
a. Mind reading- assuming the intentions of others
b.Fortune telling- guessing that things will turn out
badly
6.Magnification usually magnifying the negatives and
minimising the positives my psychiatrist nicknames it
Awfulisation.
7.Emotional reasoning making decisions on how you feel
not based on objective reality.
8.Should statements when you concentrate on what you
feel you should do or ought to be rather than the reality of
the situation. (Often called wishful thinking).
9.Labeling related to overgeneralisation, where you
assign labels to someone rather than specific behaviour. One
example could be rather than saying I made a mistake, you
say I am a loser because of the mistake.
10.Personalization and blame assuming yourself or others

Thinking
Map (1)

Thinkin
g Map
(2)

Beberapa Pemahaman
tentang
Mental
The concept of amental
mapmay referMaps
to a

person'spoint-of-viewperception of their
area maps
of
Mental
are an outcome of
interaction
the field of behavioral geography
In the field of
human
geography
mental maps
have led to an
emphasizing of
social factors
and the use of
social methods
versus
quantitative or
positivist
methods.
[5]
Mental maps
have often led
to revelations
regarding social
conditions of a
particular space
or area.

Mental Maps have been used in a

collection of spatial research. Many
studies have been performed that focus
on the quality of an environment in terms
of feelings such as fear, desire and stress
Bin Jiang (2012) argued
that the image of the
city (or mental map)
arises out of the scaling
of city artifacts and
locations.[7]He
addressed that why the
image of city can be
formed[8], and he even
suggested ways of
computing the image of
the city, or more
precisely the kind of
collective image of the
city, using increasingly

Lynch asks a
participant to create
a map as follows:
Make it just as if
you were making a
rapid description of
the city to a
stranger, covering
all the main
features. We dont
expect an accurate
drawing- just a

The most
prominent
contribution and
study of mental
maps was in the
writings of Kevin
Lynch. InThe
Image of the
City, Lynch used
simple sketches
of maps created
from memory of
an urban area to
reveal five
elements of the
city; nodes,
edges, districts,

Contoh
Mental
Map

A Mental Map is a powerful way of expressing the thought

patterns, pictures and associations that already exist in the brain.
"When new information is compatible with your knowledge
structures it is accepted, when it does not mesh with your preconceived ideas or past experience it receives little consideration,
is distorted or ignored.