Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Wastewater Treatment:
Characteristics and Systems
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this learning session
students should be able to;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Kyoto River
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A River in Seoul,
Korea
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A River in KL,
Malaysia
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What is Wastewater?
Wastewater is any water that
has been adversely affected in
quality by anthropogenic
influence.
It comprises liquid waste
discharged by domestic
residences, commercial
properties, industry, and/or
agriculture and can encompass
a wide range of potential
contaminants and
concentrations.
Wastewater Contaminants
Characteristics of Wastewater
Physical
The physical characteristics of waste water
include its solid content--suspended organic
matter, floating matter and dissolved matter,
its temperature, color, odor/smell, density,
conductivity, specific gravity, transmittance
and specific weight.
Septic sewage is black (due to precipitation of
iron sulfide)
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Characteristics of Wastewater
Chemical
Municipal wastewater also contains a variety of inorganic
substances from domestic and industrial sources, including a
number of potentially toxic elements such as arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, etc.
Among the organic substances present in sewage are
carbohydrates, lignin, fats, soaps, synthetic detergents, proteins
and their decomposition products, as well as various natural and
synthetic organic chemicals from the process industries.
Number of chemicals found in w/w is limitless
Measure of w/w strength often use COD and BOD
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
Characteristics of Wastewater
Biological
Pathogenic bacteria will be present in wastewater
at much lower levels than the coliform group of
bacteria, which are much easier to identify and
enumerate (as total coliforms/100ml).
Escherichia coli are the most widely adopted
indicator of faecal pollution and they can also be
isolated and identified fairly simply, with their
numbers usually being given in the form of faecal
coliforms (FC)/100 ml of wastewater.
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Characteristics of Domestic
Wastewater
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Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Systems
Pretreatment removes materials
that can cause operational
problems, equalization optional
Primary treatment remove ~60%
of solids and ~35% of BOD
Secondary treatment remove
~85% of BOD and solids
Advanced treatment varies: 95+
% of BOD and solids, N, P
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Pretreatment of Industrial
Wastewaters
Industrial wastewaters must be pretreated
prior to being discharged to municipal
sewer system
Approach is to remove materials that will
not be treated by municipal system
Local authority must monitor and regulate
industrial discharges
Pretreatment requirements set by the law
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Primary
PrimaryTreatment
Treatment
EQUILIZATION
Secondary
Treatment
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Sewage
Tunnels
in Developed
Countries
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Treatment Plant
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Screens
Coarse screens
Function to remove
large objects such as
pieces of wood, plastic
bottles, rags, textile
etc
Size of opening up to
75-100 mm
Cleaned either
manually or
mechanically
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Screens
Fine Screens
Function is to remove
fine contaminants,
debris, plastics that
are not hang on
coarse rack screen.
Opening size small up
to only 13 mm
Most fine screens are
mechanically cleaned
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Grit Chambers
Purpose: remove inert
dense material, such as
sand, broken glass, silt
and pebbles. These
materials is called grit
Grit will cause abrasion
of pumps and other
mechanical devices if
not removed
Grit chambers can be of
rectangular or circular
shape (vortex)
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End of Chapter 4A
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