Beruflich Dokumente
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Prime mover
AC Motor
Power
transmission
system
DC Motor
Diesel Engine
Otto Engine
Machine
(linear or
rotational
motion)
Gears
Belt drive
Friction drive
Rigid couplings
Clutches
2005/2006 I.
Properties:
Compact units
Most of this lecture will be about hydrostatic systems (in common language it is
also called simply hydraulics)
2005/2006 I.
Power density
Hydrostat.
kg
kW
Hydrodyn.
100
200
300
P [kW]
400
But for soft operation (starting of large masses) hydrodynamic is used for
smaller powers either.
Control
Aggregate
elements
Pump, motor
Fluid reservoir
Pressure relief valve
Filter
Piping
Actuator
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1 pump
2 oil tank
3 flow control valve
4 pressure relief valve
5 hydraulic cylinder
6 directional control
valve
7 throttle valve
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Water (3%)
Mineral oils (75%)
Not inflammable fluids (9%)
Biologically degradable fluids
(13%)
5. Electrorheological fluids (in
development)
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Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Good lubrication
Inflammable
Environmental pollution
Cheap
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lg(lg( c)) K v m lg T
c, m, Kv are constants,
T is in K
Vogel-Cameron:
t [C or K]
Temperature dependence
log-log scale
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t A e
B
t c
A, B, C are constants,
t is in C
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30 C
40 C
50 C
T=80 C
2,5
p 0 ep
0, 0 viscosity at
atmospheric pressure
2
1,5
100 200 300 400
p [bar]
Pressure dependence
of viscosity
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V
p
V
K
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Hydraulic Fluids
Air content in oil is harmful.
Sucking air with the pump happens but is by proper installation avoidable.
The oil is quickly into solution during the increasing pressure.
Air bubbles come to oil mostly so that with decreasing pressure the air
goes out of solution.
p2
Va V-f dissolving
coefficient at normal pressure
p1
At normal pressure Va=Vf .
At high pressure, the volume of the dissolved air is much more than the
volume of the liquid.
When the pressure drops the air leaves the solution suddenly but the
dissolution happens gradually.
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Hydraulic Fluids
Problems with air content:
Vf
K mixture K l
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Va 0
Vf
p0
Kl 2
Va 0
p
Kl
: liquid compressibility
Vf
: volume of liquid
: normal pressure
: p under investigation
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Hydraulic Fluids
The manufacturer specifies the characteristics of the required liquid
and the duration of usage.
Before filling in the new oil, the rig has to be washed with oil.
Never mix old and new oil!
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Calculation basics
b) Pascalss law
a) Hydrostatic
pressure
d) Transmission of
pressure
e) Continuity
c) Transmission of power
g) Bernoulli equation
f) Flow resistance
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Calculation basics
Flow resistance:
p1 p2 ploss f Q
2
Q2
ploss v or ploss
2
2 A2
p2
p1
Hydraulic component
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Calculation basics
Calculation basics:
v2 v12 ploss
2
2
Q2
ploss 1, 2 v1, 2 or ploss 1, 2
2
2 A12, 2
p2 v2
v1 p1
p1 p2
A2
A1
1 A12
2
2 A2
Re
Re
dh v
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dh
4A
U
l
,
dh
64
Re
laminar
0,3164
4
Re
turbulent
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Calculation basics
Calculation basics:
Practically:
Re K1 K 2 Re
Re
log
K2Re
K1
K2
Re
log Re
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Calculation basics
Calculation basics:
pl 2 Rh Q 2
K1
Rh
2d h A
K2
Rh
2A2
Depends on viscosity
Rh
Rh
ploss
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Calculation basics
Three different coefficients are used to express pressure loss:
Q A
2
p
Q Gh p2
Q Gh p1
2d h A
Gh
K1
Gh
2
A
K2
ptotal pi and Q Qi
i 1
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Qtotal Qi and p pi
i 1
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Leakage losses
Leakage losses:
External losses
Internal losses
Occur always when components move relative to each other
They reduce efficiency
In case of external leakages there is environmental damage
and the lost fluid has to be refilled. External losses can be
avoided by careful design and maintenance.
Internal losses cannot be avoided.
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Leakage losses
A2
A1
F
A2
p1 p2
A1
A1
Q1 GLi F
A2
v
p2 1
A1 A1 A1
A1
QLa
QLi
Q1
p1
p2
Q2
A2
A2
A2 F
Q2 Q1
GLi 1
p2 1 p2GLa
A1
A1 A1
A1
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F
v
Leakage losses
s d1
QL
d1
p1
d2
p2
d m sm3
3 e2
QL
p 1
2
12 l
2 sm
d m sm3
3 e2
1
GL
2
12 l
2 sm
p1
p2
dm
d1 d 2
2
sm
d1 d 2
2
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Leakage losses
-
Qd
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v s b
2
v sm d m
QL GL p
2
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Nonlinear function.
It can be locally linearized and:
dV
Ch , hydraulic capacity.
dp
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C fl
V0
K
K compression module
pG
Caccumulator
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n
V1 pG
, n is the polytropic exponent.
n p p
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p Lh Qin Qin
pdt
Lh
s, s , s
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Hydraulic Accumulators
Constructions and
tasks in the hydraulic system
With weight
With gas
With spring
(hydropneumatic accumulator)
Bladder
Constructions
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Membrane
Tasks:
The hydropneumatic
accumulators perform
different tasks in the
hydraulic systems, e.g.:
reserve energy
store fluid
emergency operate
force compensating
damp mechanical
shocks
absorb pressure
oscillations
compensate leakage
losses
springs in vehicles
recover of braking
energy
stabilize pressure
compensate
volumetric flow rate
(expansion reservoir)
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Hydraulic Accumulators
Constructions
With membrane
With bladder
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With piston
above welded
below screwed
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
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Hydraulic Accumulators
Working states of hydroaccumulators with bladder:
This installation is practically a bladder filled with gas and placed in a tank
made out of steal. The bladder is filled with carbon dioxide (gas pressure). At
the starting of the pump the fluid flows in the tank and compresses the gas.
When required (if there is a high enough pressure difference) the fluid flows
very quickly back in the system.
Requirements on the system side:
- locks both in the T and P lines,
- controlled release valves,
- juncture for pressure manometer (mostly built with the hydroaccumulator
together),
- throw back
the P line.
Fluidvalve
flowsin
out
Hydroaccumulator
with
pre-stressed
bladder
Fluid flows in
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Hydraulic Accumulators
Construction
Membrane
Bladder
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Piston
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
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Big pictures
End of normal presentation
Beginning of big pictures
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Hydraulic Systems
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Hydraulic Systems
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Hydraulic Systems
Continuity
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Hydraulic Systems
Pascals law
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Hydraulic Systems
Bernoulli equation
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Hydraulic Systems
Flow resistance
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Viscosity [mm2/s]
Hydraulic Systems
Viscosity over temperature
Temperature [C]
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Accumulators:
With weight
Hydraulic Systems
With spring
With gas
(hydropneumatic accumulator)
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Bladder
Membrane
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Accumulators:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators:
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Hydraulic Systems
1.
2.
Tank
3.
Membrane
4.
Valve-disc
5.
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Accumulators:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators
with bladder:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators
with
membrane:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Accumulators
with piston:
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Hydraulic Systems
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Hydraulic Systems
Typical hydraulic system:
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Hydraulic Systems
Pressure reservoirs = Accumulators
Serve three purposes:
damping of pressure and volumetric flow rate oscillations,
supplying the flow rate at variable demand,
hydropneumatic spring.
They use the compressibility of a gas but the gas and liquid surface
may not touch because then the gas will be dissolved in the liquid.
Three constructions:
a. Piston
b. Bladder (bag)
c. Membrane
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a.
b.
c.
gas
liquid
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