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History of Counseling

The Vocational Guidance Movement


Lysander S. Richards and Vocophy: The first to envision the role of a

counselor or vocopher in helping people choose professions.

Frank Parsons: The father of the guidance movement, and credited with

being the first true counselor. He used a scientific process to help people
choose careers.

Jessie B. Davis: Brought vocational counseling into the schools.

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History of Counseling
The Vocational Guidance Movement (continued)
Anna Y. Reed and Eli Weaver: In the early 1900s they established

counseling services based upon the concept of Social Darwinism.

National Vocational Guidance Association: Established in 1913, it

advocated counseling in regard to career choice.

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History of Counseling
The Mental Health Counseling Movement
Dorothea Dix: In the early 1800s, she advocated for the establishment of

institutions that would treat people with emotional disorders in a human


manner.

Clifford Beers: Founded the Mental Hygiene Movement in the early 1900s

after his own experiences within a mental hospital.

William Healy, M. D. : In 1908, he established the first community

psychiatric clinic.

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History of Counseling
The Mental Health Counseling Movement (continued)
Wilhelm Wundt: In the late 1870s, in Germany, he founded the first

experimental psychology laboratory and studied the human mind.

William James: He carried on Wundts work regarding the human

mind in the United States.

Granville Stanley Hall: He proposed a scientific approach to the

study of social problems. He also founded the first psychology lab


in the United States.

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History of Counseling
The Mental Health Counseling Movement (continued)
David Spence Hill: He organized the first guidance and counseling

services in New Orleans and used Simon Binets appraisal instruments


to provide vocational counseling for kids in school.

James Cattell: He was the first person to focus on ways to measure

intelligence in the 1890s.

Binet-Simon Test: In 1905, this test was used in France to determine

intelligence.

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History of Counseling
The Mental Health Counseling Movement (continued)
L. M. Terman: Revised the Binet-Simon test to be used in the United

States. It was called the Stanford-Binet as Terman was from Stanford


University. At this time the term IQ (Intelligence Quotient) began to be
used.

Army Alpha and Beta Tests: These were used during WWI to help decide

placement for soldiers. This ushered in the proliferation of standardized


testing.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

History of Counseling
The Development of Professional Identity
E. G. Williamson: Developed what some consider to be the first theory

of vocational counseling and utilized a directive counselor-centered


approach which came to be known as the Minnesota point of view.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles: This was published in 1938 and

provided counselors with a basic resource to match people with


occupations.

The American Counsel of Guidance and Personnel Association

(ACGPA): Formed in 1934. It name changed in 1939 to the Council of


Guidance and Personnel Associations (CGPA).
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History of Counseling
The Development of Professional Identity (continued)
National Defense Education Act of 1958: This was the governments

response to Sputnik. The act provided for resources to determine which


youths of America had mathematical and scientific talent that could be
nurtured for use in the American space program.

WWII: Counselors were needed during WWII for testing and placement of

soldiers. As soldiers returned with battle neuroses more counselors were


needed to treat them.

Veterans Administration: Began hiring counselors in earnest to help

returning soldiers cope with personal and vocational issues. They


provided training and opened numerous positions.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

History of Counseling
The Development of Professional Identity (continued)
The National Institute of Mental Health: It provided training stipends for

doctoral students.

Carl Rogers: Developed a nondirective counseling approach called

client-centered (now person-centered). He also identified core conditions


for counseling that is utilized by many theories and approaches today.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

History of Counseling
The Influence of Federal Legislation
Great Depression: It inspired government-sponsored programs that

included counseling.

1938 George-Dean Act: Appropriated 14 million dollars for vocational

education.

Throughout the history of the counseling profession, the Federal

Government has been influential. The following slides are a highlight


of some legislation. Space constraints prohibit detailing all of it.

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History of Counseling
The Influence of Federal Legislation (continued)
1917: The Smith-Hughes Act created funding for a nationwide

vocational education program.

1944: The Veterans Administration established a nationwide network

of guidance services to aid veterans including rehabilitation,


counseling, training and advisement.

1963: The Community Mental Health Centers Act created more than

2,000 mental health centers and provided an opportunity for


counselors to be employed outside of educational settings.

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History of Counseling
The Influence of Federal Legislation (continued)
1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act

mandated that no one is discriminated against, including through sex-biased


appraisal.

1981: The Older American Act was enacted to improve the lives of those

over age 60.

1994: The School To Work Opportunities Act set up partnerships between

faculty, businesses and employers to aid students transition into the world of
work.

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History of Counseling
The Influence of Federal Legislation (continued)
1998: The Workforce Investment Act revamped all the job training

programs and reauthorized the Rehabilitation Act.

1999: The Elementary-School Counseling Act allocated 20 million

dollars for schools to hire qualified school counselors.

1999: Work Incentives Improvement Act removed the financial

disincentives that have kept the disabled out of the workforce.

There are many more important acts and pieces of legislation and any

of the books used to make this presentation cover this area well.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

History of Counseling

1952-1983: It was known as the American Personnel and Guidance

Association.

1983-1992: It was called the American Association for Counseling and

Development.

1992 to present: It is called the American Counseling Association.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

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