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Hypothesis
Testing
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Hypothesis
Outline
Testing
CHAPTER
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Hypothesis
Outline
Testing
CHAPTER
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Learning Objectives
1
2
3
4
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Learning Objectives
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8
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Learning Objectives
Bluman Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
Three methods used to test hypotheses:
1. The traditional method
2. The P-value method
3. The confidence interval method
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Bluman Chapter 8
Bluman Chapter 8
Bluman Chapter 8
Situation A
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether
a new medication will have any undesirable side effects.
The researcher is particularly concerned with the pulse
rate of the patients who take the medication. Will the
pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain unchanged
after a patient takes the medication? The researcher
knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under
study is 82 beats per minute.
The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 82
H1 : 82
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Situation B
A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an
automobile battery. The mean lifetime of the automobile
battery without the additive is 36 months.
In this book, the null hypothesis is always stated using
the equals sign. The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 36
H1 : 36
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Situation C
A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a
special type of insulation in houses. If the average of the
monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses about
heating costs with the use of insulation are
H 0 : 78
H1 : 78
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Claim
When a researcher conducts a study, he or she is
generally looking for evidence to support a claim.
claim
Therefore, the claim should be stated as the alternative
hypothesis, or research hypothesis.
hypothesis
A claim, though, can be stated as either the null
hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis; however, the
statistical evidence can only support the claim if it is the
alternative hypothesis. Statistical evidence can be used
to reject the claim if the claim is the null hypothesis.
These facts are important when you are stating the
conclusion of a statistical study.
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
In reality, the null hypothesis may or may
not be true, and a decision is made to
reject or not to reject it on the basis of
the data obtained from a sample.
A type I error occurs if one rejects the
null hypothesis when it is true.
A type II error occurs if one does not
reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
Likewise,
P(type II error) = (beta).
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
The critical or rejection region is the range of
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)
Bluman Chapter 8
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
Because of symmetry,
z = 2.3263 for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Two-Tailed Test)
z = 2.5758
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Procedure Table
Finding the Critical Values for Specific Values, Using Table 4
b.
c.
Step 2
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Step 2
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Step 2 The
z value is 2.5758
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Procedure Table
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
(Traditional Method)
Types of Test
The type of test is determined by the sign in the alternative hypothesis.
If the alternative hypothesis has a not equal to () sign, the test is twotailed.
If
the alternative hypothesis has a less than (<) sign, the test is lefttailed.
If the alternative hypothesis has a greater than (>) sign, the test is righttailed.
Two-tailed test
Left-tailed test
Right-tailed test
Sign in H0
= or
= or
Sign in H1
<
>
In both tails
Rejection
region
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Types of Test
Two-tailed test
/2
/2
C= Critical value
Left-tailed test
C
Right-tailed test
C
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X
z
n
where
X = sample mean
= hypothesized population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
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Step 2
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z
3.04
3251 35
n
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Bluman Chapter 8
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X
t
s n
The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n 1.
Note: When the degrees of freedom are above 30, some
textbooks will tell you to use the nearest table value;
however, in this textbook, you should round down to the
nearest table value. This is a conservative approach.
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H0: = 0
Ha: i) > 0 (ii) < 0 (iii) 0
2.
Test statistic:
xx00
tt
ss// nn
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3.
Rejection region
Significance level , df = n - 1. For Ha:
i) > 0 ; Reject H0 if t > t
ii) < 0 ; Reject H0 if t < -t
iii) 0 ; Reject H0 if |t| > t/2
4.
5.
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Hypothesis
Left-Tailed Test
Rejection region
Reject H0 at
significance level if
-t
t calc t
Two-Tailed Test
-t/2
Right-Tailed Test
t/2
t calc t / 2 or t calc t / 2
t calc t
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X 17.7 16.3
z
2.46
1.8 10
s n
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Exercise 1:
An engineer has designed a television picture tube that
he believes will require 305 microamps of current to
produce a particular brightness level. A random sample
of 12 tubes was found to have a mean current of 317.2
microamps and a standard deviation of 15.7
microamps.
Assume that the distribution of current are normally
distributed.
Is there evidence that the mean current required to
produce the desired brightness contradict the
engineers belief
a) at 5% level of significance?
b) at 1% level of significance?
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