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Chapter 6
THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
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Objectives
Identify valid processes as those that satisfy both the first and second
laws of thermodynamics.
These processes
cannot occur
even though they
are not in violation
of the first law.
Transferring
heat to a wire
will not
generate
electricity.
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Processes occur in a
certain direction, and not
in the reverse direction.
A process must satisfy both
the first and second laws of
thermodynamics to proceed.
Fixed or moving
boundary
Boundary work.
Conservation energy.
Polytropic process:
o Isothermal
o Isobaric
o Isochoric
Energy balance.
Enthalpy.
Conservation energy
and mass.
Energy transport with
mass.
Steady flow system.
Steady flow devices.
Dependency of second law and first
law.
Kelvin-Planck statement.
Clausius statement.
Coefficient of performance (COP).
Thermal efficiency.
Perpetual motion machine.
Reversible and irreversible process.
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A sink that
absorbs the
heat energy.
In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers as well as
the atmospheric air can be modeled accurately as thermal energy reservoirs
because of their large thermal energy storage capabilities or thermal masses.
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HEAT ENGINES
Thermal efficiency
Note:
Even the most
efficient heat
engines reject
almost one-half
of the energy
they receive as
waste heat.
Schematic
of a heat
engine.
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Given, if
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Basic components of a
refrigeration system and
typical operating conditions.
Coefficient of Performance
of Refrigerator
The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed
in terms of the coefficient of performance
(COP).
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove
heat (QL) from the refrigerated space.
The objective of a
refrigerator is to remove
QL from the cooled space.
The cold
temperature is
what we
required for
refrigerator!
Coefficient of
Performance
of Heat Pumps
The warm
temperature is
what we
required for heat
pump!
The work
supplied to a
heat pump is
used to extract
energy from the
cold outdoors
and carry it into
the warm
indoors.
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Energy efficiency rating (EER): The amount of heat removed from the
cooled space in Btus for 1 Wh (watthour) of electricity consumed.
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No work
supplied
to the
system
A refrigerator that
violates the Clausius
statement of the second
law.
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PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES
Perpetual-motion machine: Any device that violates the first or the second
law.
A device that violates the first law (by creating energy) is called a PMM1.
A device that violates the second law is called a PMM2.
Despite numerous attempts, no perpetual-motion machine is known to have
worked. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
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Two familiar
reversible processes.
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Friction
renders a
process
irreversible.
Irreversibilities
(a) Heat
transfer
through a
temperature
difference is
irreversible,
and (b) the
reverse
process is
impossible.
Irreversible
compression
and
expansion
processes.
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THE
CARNOT
CYCLE
Execution of
the Carnot
cycle in a
closed
system.
Reversible Isothermal Expansion (process 1-2, TH = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (process 2-3, temperature drops from TH to TL)
Reversible Isothermal Compression (process 3-4, TL = constant)
Reversible Adiabatic Compression (process 4-1, temperature rises from TL to TH)
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THE CARNOT
PRINCIPLES
Carnot heat
engine
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Can we use
C unit for
temperature
here?
1
COPR1 COPR2
2
1. Find QL in terms of Q and QH.
2. What the value of T?
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Summary
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