STANDARD

PRECAUTIONS
Reference: CDC

Definition
A set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that
can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, broken skin and mucosa
membrane.
Represent the minimum measures that apply to all patient care, regardless
suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient, in any setting where health
care is delivered.

Consists of:
1. Hand hygiene
2. Personal Protective Equipment
3. Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
4. Injection safety
5. Medication storage and handling
6. Cleaning and disinfection of devices and environmental surfaces

Hand Hygiene

Personal Protective Equipment

Respiratory hygiene and cough

etiquette
To prevent the transmission of respiratory infections in the
facility
Implemented to all potentially infected people including
patient, family members, caregivers, visitor from point of
entry and throughout the visit

Injection safety
Refers to proper use and
handling of the supplies for
administrating of injections and
infusions
Use PPE when doing procedures
gloves
Never recap the needle
Throw all sharps into sharp bin
Change sharp bin when it is full
or already 1 week

Medication storage and handling

Generally adhere to the injection safety
measures
Single dose vial : for single patient only.
Multiple dose vial: more than one dose.
Contains antimicrobial to prevent growth of
bacteria. No effect against virus and does not
against contamination if injection safety
measures are not applied.
Storage preparation discard

Cleaning and disinfection of devices

and environmental surfaces
Pertaining to the cleaning and disinfection of non-critical patient care devices and
environmental surfaces of patient care surfaces and commonly used areas.
Need cleaning at least daily, each time any visible contamination
Promptly clean and decontaminate any spill of blood and potentially of infectious
materials

NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
Source: WHO

Definition
Infections acquired during hospital care which does not present or incubating during
admission
48 hours after admission OR up to 3 days after discharge OR up to 30 days after
operation

Urinary tract infections

Commonest
Increased risk if there is dwelling urinary catheters
Def: positive quantitative urine culture (>= 100000 microorganisms/ml, with a
maximum of 2 isolated microorganism).
E.Coli or MRO klebsiella

Surgical site infection

Def: purulent discharge around the wound Or insertion
site of the drain Or spreading cellulitis around the
wound
Sources usually acquired during surgery itself
Exogenous: air, equipment, staffs
Endogenous: skin or operative site

Risk factors

Extent of contamination
Length of procedure
Patients general condition
Quality if surgical technique, experience of surgical team
Presence of foreign body
Preoperative shaving
Concomitant infection at other sites
Virulence of microorganism

Nosocomial pneumonia
Def:
recent and progressive radiological
opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma,
purulent sputum and new onset of fever.
Most importantly, ventilated patient.
Usually high mortality rate, can be due to
patients ill condition
Risk factors:
Type and duration of ventilations
Quality of respiratory care
Severity
Previous use of antibiotic

Nosocomial bacteremia
Represent small proportions but high case fatality
Increasing trends, especially MRSA and candida
Source:
At the skin entry site of intravascular device
In the subcutaneous path of catheter (tunnel infection)

Risks:
Length of catheterization
Level of asepsis at insertion
Continuing catheter care

Management
Empirical antimicrobial therapy must be based on careful clinical evaluation and
local epidemiological data regarding potential pathogens and antibiotic
susceptibility.
Take blood culture and sensitivity before starting antibiotics.

THANK YOU..