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Rocks from Space
• Evidence that rocks fall from space:
There have been eyewitness accounts of
impacts.
In many cases, the mineral composition of
samples indicates the material cannot be native
to Earth.
Most older samples are iron, most “fresh”
samples are stony material.
Rocks from Space
Where to Find Meteorites
• Antarctica is one of the
best places to find
meteorites on Earth,
owing to the high
contrast (black rocks on
white snow).
http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/antmet/program.htm
Where to Find Meteorites
• Over time, meteorites
tend to get
concentrated in certain
areas because of large
scale ice flows.
http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/antmet/program.htm
Meteorites
• Most older samples are iron.
Iron is dense and not easily weathered.
• Most “fresh” samples are composed of
stony materials.
This material is easily weathered and does not
last long on the Earth’s surface.
Rocks from Space
• Why is are meteorites useful?
• They are material samples from outside the
Earth that can be analyzed in the laboratory.
• We can measure the age of the solar
system by studying meteorites.
Minor Planets or Asteroids
• The region between between Mars and
Jupiter is populated by thousands of small
rocky bodies called minor planets or
asteroids.
• Ceres, the largest one with a diameter of
1000 km, was discovered in 1801.
• Only 6 are known with a diameter larger
than 300 km.
Where Asteroids Are
• Most asteroids are
confined to orbits
between Mars and
Jupiter.
• Some have orbits in
Jupiter’s orbit.
• Some have orbits that
cross the Earth’s orbit.
Image from Nick Strobel (http://www.astronomynotes.com)
Where Asteroids Are
• There are about 150,000
asteroids cataloged. The
total population is
perhaps 1 million with a
diameter of more than 1
km.
• The total mass, however,
is small: much less than
the mass of the Earth.
Image from Nick Strobel (http://www.astronomynotes.com)
Where Asteroids Are
• In spite of what this
diagram might imply, the
asteroid belt is relatively
empty.
• The average distance
between any 2 is more
than 1 million km.
Image from Nick Strobel (http://www.astronomynotes.com)
What Asteroids Are
• Asteroids are basically chunks of rock left over from the
formation of the solar system.
• There are three basic groups: stony, carbon rich, and iron
rich.
What Asteroids Look Like
• Asteroids have irregular shapes, and typically have
craters and other features.
What Asteroids Look Like
• A probe crashed into Eros on February 12, 2001.
What Asteroids Look Like
• A probe crashed into Eros on February 12, 2001.
• The chemical composition of Eros is similar to that of
old meteorites, indicating Eros contains “primitive”
material.
Next:
The Big One
The Big One
• We know that rocks can fall from the sky.
One can ask at least three questions:
– How big can they get?
– How often does it happen?
– Does it matter?
Evidence from the Past
• The Moon has suffered collisions with large bodies in
its history.
• The largest craters are a few hundred km across. These
require impacting bodies a few dozen km across.
Evidence from the Past
• Mercury has also suffered from bombardment by large
bodies in its history.
Evidence from the Past
• The Moon and Mercury are covered with
impact craters, which is evidence of a large
number of collisions in the past.
• There is no reason to think that the Earth
was not also bombarded.
– However, surface features on the Earth are
subject to weathering, so older features are
sometimes hard to find.
Craters on Earth
• It is possible to find
impact craters on Earth.
• Some are obvious, such
as this one in Arizona.
• The impacting body was
about 50 meters across,
and it fell about 50,000
years ago.
Craters on Earth
• It is possible to find
impact craters on Earth.
• Some are not so
obvious, like this one in
Quebec.
• It is 100 km across, and
about 250 million years
old.
http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
Craters on Earth
• Other craters are not at all obvious.
• This one is near Decaturville, Missouri. It is about 6
km across and about 300 million years old.
http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
Craters on Earth
• There are more than a hundred documented impact
sites on Earth.
http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
What Happens When One Hits?
• The falling body has energy of motion,
where E = 0.5 x (mass) x (velocity)2. This
energy of motion is converted (rapidly) into
other forms of energy upon impact.
• For small objects, most of this energy can
be dissipated in the upper atmosphere.
• For larger objects, some of this energy will
be released at the ground level.
Does it hurt?
• Bodies larger than a few dozen meters
across usually hit the ground, leaving a
crater roughly 10 times larger.
• Bodies around 50 to 100 meters cause
significant local damage (similar to a H
bomb).
• Bodies larger than 1km cause damage on a
global scale.
Does it hurt?
• It is believed that the impact of an asteroid 12 to
15 km in diameter caused the extinction of the
dinosaurs.
What Happens When One Hits?
• Check out the Solar Systems Collisions
Page:
http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/impact/
How Often?
• The rate of impacts was higher in the early
history of the solar system (e.g. about 4
billion years ago).
• Eventually, most of the small bodies were
used up, so the impact rate dropped.
• However, the presentday impact rate is
NOT zero.
How Often?
• A body with a
diameter of about
40m hit Tunguska,
Siberia in 1908.
Trees were knocked
down over an area
200 km across.
http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
How Often
• Once a century: bodies a few 10s of meters
across. Atomic bomblike energies.
• Every million years: bodies around 1 km
across. Widespread damage.
• Every 100 million years: bodies around 10
km across. Mass extinctions.
What To Do?
• Early Warning and Prevention:
One can survey the sky for nearEarth asteroids.
Currently only a small fraction of the entire
population has been found.
Several surveys are underway, and more are planned.
The hope is to spot potentially dangerous objects well
in advance of when they will hit.
http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/09/02/asteroid.reut/index.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/space/article/0,14493,1660485,00.html
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risks/
What To Do?
• Early Warning and Prevention:
If an object on a collision course is spotted, can
anything be done?
http://www.darkhorizons.com/1998/Armageddon.htm