Bert, a young employee of few

years was fired from his job for

no apparent reason at all. He
sought the help of a legal
counselor.

 Betty planned to buy an

insurance. She arranged a
schedule with the companys
sale counselor to know the
conditions and terms of the
policy.

 Benny and Beth had finally decided

to settle down for good. They went
to a premarital counselor for their
required premarriage counseling
seminars

Nature and
Functions

Counseling is inseparable
from guidance.
Guidance can be sought from
counseling, aiming at
provision of assistance that
will eventually lead to change
in behavior or attitude.

Essentials in Counseling
1. Rapport must be
maintained through out the
entire process. There must
be a comfortable feeling of
mutual confidence.
2. Relationship must be one of
openness, trust and
warmth.
3. Respect must be observed

Counseling Position
Sitting Both must be seated
without any table serving as
barrier between them.

Open The counselor must

move his hands and arms
openly to make the counselee
feel that he is accepted.

 Lean the counselor

must not be too sniff.
Eye-to-eye contact
this should be
maintained.
Relax the counselor
must be relaxed as
counselee starts to ask
some question.

Discouraging Facts About

Counseling

It is time-consuming
this process does not end in
one
sitting/session.

It is emotionally tiring
it is not easy to listen to
negative
feeling.

It is physically exhausting
- It is not only emotionally but
also physically tiring.

It is frequently
unsuccessful because
we cannot impose on
them what can be
perceived as the best
and swift solution
- they will have to make
the solution by themselves

 It looks unrewarding
- Some counselees perceive
counselees to be telling
immediately what the
solution is.

Psychological Foundations for

Consideration in Counseling

1. Freudian Theory
speaks of defense
mechanisms as
influencing factors in
our understanding of
abnormal behavior of
our clients.

Freud explains that in the

oral stage (from 0-1) the
primary source of
gratification in eating (by
the mouth) is best shown
in adult character traits by
oral activity of excessive
drinking or smoking.

Therapeutic Process
- the role of the
therapist is to assume a
neutral position by making
the client understand
himself in relation to his
early child experience
through gaining an insight
to his past.

2. Alfred Adlers Theory

His popular contribution
was his observation on
family constellation and
birth order as
determinants of
personality.

Counseling Process

The counselor should emphasize to establish

a therapeutic climate. The next is to assess
his clients lifestyle by learning about his
goals, beliefs, motives, and feelings. He
continues to probe the clients sibling
relationship, or his perception to interpret his
basic mistakes until he finally develops his
own insight.

3. Karen Horneys Theory

Horney believes in parentchild relationship as the
root of anxiety of
misbehaving child. A
misplaced child in the
classroom exhibits
inappropriate attitude
because of a possible rift
between the child and his

3 Basic orientations:
a. Moving towards people
because of need for love.
b. Moving away from people
because of independence.
c. Moving against people
because of need for power.

4. Directive Clinical Counseling by

Williamson
This is directive counseling wherein
the counselee is given direct
counseling based on his records, test
results, and interview.
The couselor initiates the counseling
session by leading the conversations.
He identifies the problem for the
counselee and directs his final
decision by formation and advice.
This was introduced by Williamson.

5. Person-Centered Counseling
Carl Rogers introduced
this approach.
The counselor focuses
the clients feeling and
the counselee is free to
set goals and to
explore his problem.

6. Multiple Intelligences and Learning

Styles

Howard Gardner
introduced the
emergence of multiple
intelligences where the
students are permitted
to excel in fields other
than Mathematics and
Language.