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HEART
is a squared
shape, muscular
organ responsible
for pumping blood
through the blood
vessels by
repeated, rhythmic
contractions, or a
similar structure in
annelids,
mollusks, and
arthropods
The Heart is divided into two
Right heart
Left heart
Right heart
is a term used to refer collectively to the right atrium and right
ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to reference
the right atrium, right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk collectively.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated systemic blood from the
superior and inferior vena cavae. The blood is then pumped through the
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, which in turn pumps the blood
through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
Vena cavae, Coronary sinus
→ Right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis,
crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the
coronary sinus)
Tricuspid valve
→ Right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator
band/septomarginal trabecula)
Pulmonary valve
→ Pulmonary Artery
→ Pulmonary Circulation
The superior and inferior vena
Venae cavae cava are collectively called the
venae cavae. They are the veins
that return de-oxygenated blood
from the body into the heart.
They both empty into the right
atrium.
Fossa Ovalis
Crista Terminalis
Conus Arteriosus
Moderator Band/Septomarginal
Trabecula
Right Ventricle
Right ventricle
is one of four chambers
(two atria and two
ventricles) in the human
heart. It receives de-
oxygenated blood from the
right atrium via the
tricuspid valve, and pumps
it into the pulmonary artery
via the pulmonary valve.
It is triangular in form,
and extends from the right
atrium to near the apex of
the heart.
Conus Arteriosus
Conus Arteriosus
is a conical pouch formed
from the upper and left angle of
the right ventricle, from which
the pulmonary artery arises.
A tendinous band, which
may be named the tendon of the
conus arteriosus, extends
upward from the right
atrioventricular fibrous ring and
connects the posterior surface
of the conus arteriosus to the
aorta. This is also called the
infundibulum, and it is the
entrance from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery and
pulmonary trunk. The wall of the
infundibulum is smooth.
Septomarginal trabecula
Septomarginal (or moderator band)
Trabecula is a muscular band of heart
tissue found in the right ventricle. It
is well-marked in sheep and some
other animals, and frequently
extends from the base of the
anterior papillary muscle to the
ventricular septum.
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary arteries carry
blood from the heart to the lungs.
They are the only arteries (other
than umbilical arteries in the
fetus) that carry deoxygenated
blood.
In the human heart, the
pulmonary trunk (pulmonary
artery or main pulmonary artery)
begins at the base of the right
ventricle. It is short and wide -
approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in
length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in
diameter. It then branches into
two pulmonary arteries (left and
right), which deliver deoxygenated
blood to the corresponding lung.
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-
depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated
blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the right heart through
the pulmonary arteries, which carry it to the lungs, where red blood cells
release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration. The
oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through the pulmonary veins, which
return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. The blood is then
distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning
again to the pulmonary circulation.
Left heart
is a term used to refer collectively to the left atrium and lef
ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to reference
the left atrium, left ventricle, and the aorta collectively.
The left atrium receives oxygenated pulmonic blood from the
pulmonary veins. The blood is then pumped through the mitral valve
into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps the blood through the aortic
valve into the aorta.
The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because of the
requirement to pump blood from the left throughout the body, as
opposed to the right side pumping only through the lungs.
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left Auricular Appendix
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aortic sinus
Aorta
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary Veins
• Right Inferior
• Right Superior
• Left Inferior
• Left Superior
Left Atrium
Left atrium
is a conical muscular
pouch connected to the left
atrium of the heart. It is
somewhat constricted at its
junction with the principal
cavity; it is longer, narrower,
and more curved than the right
auricular appendix, and its
margins are more deeply
indented.
It is directed forward and
toward the right and overlaps
the root of the pulmonary artery.
Mitral Valve
Mitral valve (also known
as the bicuspid valve or
left atrioventricular
valve)
Morphology
The aortic valve has three
cusps. These cusps are half
moon shaped hence also called
aortic semilunar valve. Each
cusp has a small swelling in the
center called the nodule.
Dilatation of the wall of the aorta
behind these cusps is called
aortic sinus. When the aortic
valve is open, the normal size of
the orifice is 3-4 cm² in adults.
Aortic Sinus
There are generally three aortic sinuses, the left, the right and the
posterior.
• The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery.
• The right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.
• Usually, no vessels arise from the posterior aortic sinus, which
is therefore known as the non-coronary sinus.
Aorta
The aorta (generally
pronounced [eɪˈɔːtə] or
"ay-orta") is the largest
artery in the human body,
originating from the left
ventricle of the heart and
bringing oxygenated blood
to all parts of the body in
the systemic circulation.
The course of the Aorta
The aorta is usually divided
into five
segments/sections:
• Ascending aorta
• Arch of aorta
• Descending aorta
• Thoracic aorta
• Abdominal aorta
Ascending aorta, Arch of aorta, Descending aorta
• Ascending Aorta —
the section between the
heart and the arch of aorta
• Descending Aorta —
the section from the arch
of aorta to the point where
it divides into the common
iliac arteries
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic aorta
is contained in the
posterior mediastinal cavity.
It begins at the lower
border of the fourth thoracic
vertebra where it is
continuous with the aortic
arch, and ends in front of the
lower border of the twelfth at
the aortic hiatus in the
diaphragm.
At its commencement, it
is situated on the left of the
vertebral column; it
approaches the median line
as it descends; and, at its
termination, lies directly in
front of the column.
Abdominal Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
is a large artery in
the abdominal cavity.
As part of the aorta, it
is a direct continuation
of descending aorta
(of the thorax).
Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation
is the portion of the
cardiovascular system which carries
oxygenated blood away from the heart,
to the body, and returns deoxygenated
blood back to the heart. The term is
contrasted with pulmonary circulation.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
leaves the left heart through the aorta,
from where it is distributed to the
body's organs and tissues, which
absorb the oxygen, through a complex
network of arteries, arterioles, and
capillaries. The deoxygenated blood is
then collected by venules, from where
it flows first into veins, and then into
the inferior and superior venae cavae,
which return it to the right heart,
completing the systemic cycle. The
blood is then re-oxygenated through
the pulmonary circulation before
returning again to the systemic
circulation.
Layers of the Heart
1.) Pericardium
1.1.)Sinus
a.) Oblique Sinus
b.) Transverse Sinus
2.) Epicardium
3.) Myocardium
4.) Endocardium
5.) Cardiac skeleton
5.1.) Fibrous trigone
5.2.) Fibrous rings
Pericardium
is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great
vessels.
Layers of Pericardium
A.) Fibrous Pericardium
is the most superficial layer. It is a dense connective tissue,
protecting the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and
preventing it from overfilling with blood. It is continuous with the outer
adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels.
The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis)
surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the
left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the
anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus
sinister cordis
Heart Structures
A.) Atria B.) Ventricle
*Interventricular Septum
*Interatrial septum
*Trabeculae Carneae
*Musculi pectinati
*Chordae Tendinae
*Papillary Muscle
C.) Valve
2.) Others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle,
3.) While a third set (musculi papillares) are continuous by their bases with
the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ
tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of the tricuspid valve.
Chordae Tendinae
The chordae
tendineae, or heart
strings, are cord-like
tendons that connect the
papillary muscles to the
tricuspid valve and the
mitral valve in the heart.
Papillary muscles of
the heart serve to limit
the movements of the
mitral and tricuspid
valves. These muscles
contract to tighten the
chordae tendineae,
which in turn prevent
inversion. This occurs
in response to
pressure gradients.
Instead they brace the
valves against the high
pressure, preventing
regurgitation of
ventricular blood back
into the atrial cavities.
Heart Valves
External Anatomy
It lies behind the fifth left
intercostal space, 8 to 9 cm. from the
mid-sternal line, slightly medial to the
midclavicular line.
Alternately, it can be found about
4 cm. below and 2 mm. to the medial
side of the left mammary papilla.
It's function is to pump blood to
left atruim
Grooves
Coronary/atrioventricular
Interatrial
Anterior interventricula
Posterior interventricular
Coronary Sulcus
Sternocostal
Diaphragmatic
Sternocostal Surface of Heart
The sternocostal surface of the heart (anterior
surface of the heart) is directed forward, upward,
and to the left.
Its lower part is convex, formed chiefly by the
right ventricle, and traversed near its left margin
by the anterior longitudinal sulcus.
Its upper part is separated from the lower by
the coronary sulcus, and is formed by the atria; it
presents a deep concavity, occupied by the
ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Diaphragmatic Surface of Heart
The diaphragmatic surface of the heart,
directed downward and slightly backward,
is formed by the ventricles, and rests upon
the central tendon and a small part of the
left muscular portion of the diaphragm.
It is separated from the base by the
posterior part of the coronary sulcus, and is
traversed obliquely by the posterior
longitudinal sulcus.
Borders
Cardiac Pacemaker
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers
Cardiac Pacemaker
Function
Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node)
and the atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart
rate.
During the ventricular contraction portion of the
cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction
impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the
myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle
tissue of the ventricles to contract and force blood out of
the heart — either to the pulmonary circulation (from the
right ventricle) or to the systemic circulation (from the left
ventricle).