4 EVERYONE

WHO
LOVE ENGLISH
AND
4 EVERYONE
WHO AS
CMTY
Melly,
Tats,
& Yuli)
4 (Chian,
OURENGLISH
BELOVED
COUNTRY,
THEIR
OTHER
LANGUAGE
STUDY HARD IN LEARNING
INDONESIA
EDUCATION
Present
ENGLISH

NTRODUCTION
O LINGUISTICS

PHONOLOGY
PHONOLOGY

P H O N O LO GY
Phonology is the study of
the sound system of
languages

Phonology devolves two

studies:
Phonetics> the study of the
production, transmission
and reception of speech
sounds
Phonemics> the study of the
sounds and sound pattern of
a specific language

Speech is produced by the vocal organs. Every

language has a definite set of speech sounds, and
every sound can be described with reference to
the vocal organ that is used to produce it.
Nasal sounds: through nose
(velum down)
Oral sounds: through mouth
(velum up)
Stops: full oral closure
Fricatives: partial oral closure
(friction)
Approximants: narrowing (no
friction)
Labial: from labium, lip(s) active
Dental: from dentes, teeth
active
Alveolar: Alveoles, teeth ridge
active
Palatal: Palate, hard palate
active
Velar: Velum, soft palate active
Glottal: Glottis, vocal cords

Laryngoscopic view of
the intrinsic muscles
responsible for
activating vocal cord
position.
Positions
1 involves the

cords being wide open as

in deep breathing.
Position 2 involves the
cords being open, the
position for voiceless
(that is, breathy) sound
Position 3 involves the
cords coming together
loosely and vibration this
in the position for voiced
sounds.
Position 4 narrows the
cords into the position
used in whispering.
If the cords are held
tight together (position

Vowels and Consonants

Vowel

Sound can be
divided into two
main types.

Articulation
Articulatory Setting
Just as each language uses a unique set of sounds from
the total inventory of sounds capable of being made by
humans, so too each group of speakers has a preferred
pronunciation. The most frequently occurring sounds in a
language help to determine the position of the jaw,
tongue, lips and possibly even body stance when
speaking. A speaker will always sound foreign in his or
her pronunciation of a language if the articulatory setting
of its native speakers has not been adopted.
Manner of articulation
The ears can judge sounds very precisely, distinguishing the
pure resonance of a tuning fork from the buzzing sound of a
bee or the sharp report of a gun. More important for speech,
perhaps, we can also distinguish between the voiceless
sounds like p and t in pa and the voiced sounds like b
and d in bad or between the voiceless p in pat and
the nasal m in mat.

Articulation described by
manner
Stop consonants (so-called because the airflow is
stopped) or plosive consonants (because it is
subsequently released, causing an outrush of air and a
burst of sound) are:
Bilabial voiced /b/ (as in boat) and voiceless /p/ (as in
post)
Alveolar voiced /d/ (as in dad) and voiceless /t/ (as in
tap)
Velar voiced /g/ (as in golf) and voiceless /k/ (as in cow)
Affricates are a kind of stop consonant, where the
expelled air causes friction rather than plosion. They are
palatal /t/ (as in cheat) and palatal /d/ (as in jam)
Fricatives come from restricting, but not completely stopping, the
airflow. The air passes through a narrow space and the sound arises
from the friction this produces. They come in voiced and unvoiced
pairs:
Labio-dental voiced /v/ (as in vole) and unvoiced /f/ (as in foal)
Dental voiced // (as in those) and unvoiced // (as in thick)

Nasal consonants involve closing the articulators but

lowering the uvula, which normally closes off the
route to the nose, through which the air escapes.
There are three nasal consonants in English:
Bilabial /m/ (as in mine)
Alveolar /n/ (as in nine)
Velar // (as at the end of gong)
Lateral consonants allow the air to escape at
the sides of the tongue. In English there is only
one such sound, which is alveolar /l/ (as at the
start of lamp)
Approximants do not impede the flow of air.
They are all voiced but are counted as
consonants chiefly because of how they
function in syllables. They are:
Bilabial /w/ (as in water)
Alveolar /r/ (as in road)
Palatal /j/ (as in yet)

Sounds can be produced by tapping the tongue

repeatedly against a point of contact. If you roll
the /r/ at the beginning of a word saying :
r.r.r.roaming
you are tapping the curled front of the tongue
against the alveolar ridge producing a trill
which is , for example, characteristic of some
Scottish pronunciations of English
Frictionless continuants. In making the /r/
sound associated with BBC English, the closure
is made as for the fricatives /s/ and /z/ but the
air as released with less pressure. In BBC
English, this sound cannot occur at the end of a
word.
Semi-vowels. The sounds that begin the
words you and wet are made without closure
in the mouth. To this extent, they are vowel like.
They normally occur at the beginning of a word
or syllable, however, and thus behave
functionally like consonants. The semi-vowels
are represented by the symbol /j/ and /w/.

Articulation described
by region

Glottal articulation - articulation by the glottis. We use this for one consonant
in English. This is /h/ in initial position in house or hope.
Velar articulation - we do this with the back of the tongue against the velum.
For velars , the back of the tongue approximates to the soft palate. We use it
for initial hard /g/ (as in golf) and for final // (as in gong). In English there are
4 consonants made in the velar region, the plosives /k,g/, the nasal // and
the voiced semi vowel /w/ as in woo
Palatal articulation - we do this with the front of the tongue on the hard
palate. We use it for /d/ (as in jam) and for // (as in sheep or sugar).
Alveolar articulation - we do this with the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge.
We use it for /t/ (as in teeth), /d/ (as in dodo), /z/ (as in zebra) /n/ (as in no), /r/
(reef) and /l/ (as in light).
Dental articulation - we do this with the tip of the tongue on the back of the
upper front teeth. We use it for // (as in think) and // (as in that). This is one
form of articulation that we can observe and feel ourselves doing.
Labio-dental articulation - we do this with the lower lip and upper front teeth.
We use it for /v/ (as in vampire).
Labial articulation - we do this with the lips for /b/ (as in boat) and /m/ (as in
most). Where we use two lips (as in English) this is bilabial articulation.

c
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The In
Alphabet (IPA)

A regular consistent, economical system of

notation of necessary for describing the
sounds that occur in speech and the bestknown is the International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA) chart. This alphabet is based on the
ordinary roman alphabet, supplementary by
other symbols so as to provide scholars with
techniques for representing unambiguously all
possible sounds.

Cardinal Vowel One is usually

referred as C1 and represented by
/i/. C1 is a front close vowel made
with the lips spread. For example:
geek.
C2 is a front half-close vowel
represented by /e/. For example:
age
C3 is a front half-open vowel made
with spread lips. It represented by
//. For example: bet
C4 is an open front vowel
represented by /a/. It is made with
spread lips and is the lowest vowel
capable of being made in front of the
mouth. Example: climb
C5 is a low back vowel made with
neutrally open lips. It is represented
by /a/. For example: father
C6 is half-open back vowel made
with slightly rounded lips and
represented by //. Example: saw.
C7 is a half-close back vowel made
with rounded lips. It is represented
by /o/. Example: over.

CARDINAL VOWEL
CHART

In describing vowels, it is
important to state:
oThe length of the vowel, that
is, whether it is long or short.
oWhether the vowel is oral or
nasal
oThe highest point of the
tongue
oThe degree of closeness
oThe shape of the lips
In describing consonants, one should
state:
oThe type of air stream used (in English speech
sounds are made on an egressive air stream
although certain sounds of disgust and
annoyance are made on an igressive air stream)
oThe position of the vocal cords (apart for
voiceless sounds, approximated and vibrating for
voiced sounds)
oThe position of the velum (raised for oral
sounds, lowered for nasal; that is, we must stay
whether a consonant is oral or nasal)
oThe manner of articulation (for example plosive,

Suprasegmentals
A suprasegmental is a vocal effect that extends over
more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as
pitch, stress, or juncture pattern. The suprasegmental
symbols are called that because they apply to more than
one segment (vowel or consonant).

Suprasegmentals Features
Stress or loudness - increasing volume is a simple way of giving emphasis,
and this is a crude measure of stress. But it is usually combined with other
things like changes in tone and tempo. We use stress to convey some kinds
of meaning (semantic and pragmatic) such as urgency or anger or for such
things as imperatives.
Intonation - you may be familiar in a loose sense with the notion of tone of
voice. We use varying levels of pitch in sequences (contours or tunes) to
convey particular meanings. Falling and rising intonation in English may
signal a difference between statement and question. Younger speakers of
English may use rising (question) intonation without intending to make the
utterance a question.
Tempo - we speak more or less quickly for many different reasons and
purposes. Occasionally it may be that we are adapting our speech to the time
we have in which to utter it (as, for example, in a horse-racing commentary).
But mostly tempo reflects some kinds of meaning or attitude - so we give a
truthful answer to a question, but do so rapidly to convey our distraction or
irritation.
Rhythm - patterns of stress, tempo and pitch together create a rhythm.
Some kinds of formal and repetitive rhythm are familiar from music, rap,
poetry and even chants of soccer fans. But all speech has rhythm - it is just
that in spontaneous utterances we are less likely to hear regular or
repeating patterns.

THE
END

Thank you for your

attention
If we have mistakes,
please pardon us
C YA In the next
Meeting
CMTY

BY
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