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JOSEPH KAMPUMURE
Consultant-UMI
0782-863812
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Jkampumure-UMI
Introduction
Human survival and development is
a function of the extent to which
people know and understand their
physical and social environments.
It
is
this
knowledge
and
understanding which people use to
extract their livelihoods.
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Introduction
Ways of acquiring knowledge and
understanding of the physical and
social environments include the
following;
Authoritarian
way
i.e.
from
socially, economically and politically
defined persons.
Faith/Mystical
method
i.e.
knowledge comes from persons
claiming to have communication or
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Introduction
The Rationalistic method i.e. knowledge
comes from the strict conformity to reason and
thought. This method asserts that the mind can
understand the world without the empirical
experience.
The Empirical method i.e. knowledge comes
from real life experience.
The Scientific method i.e. suggests that true
knowledge comes from a combination of
thought and empirical experience which is
followed through a laid down procedure.
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Introduction
Human history since the 17th
Century, seems to suggest that the
Scientific method is superior to
other methods of knowing since it
has been successfully applied to the
social,
economic
and
political
problems of developed countries,
making them economically affluent,
socially advanced and politically
stable.
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Introduction
Indeed the only genuinely developed
parts of the World i.e. the West,
Japan, Austral-Asia and now SouthEast-Asia happen to be the only
societies which have mastered the
Scientific method and made it to
be the only fundamental basis for
their economic modes of production
and their institutional organization.
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Patrick Nahabwe
Scientific method
4. The gathering of empirical data or
information
about
the
reality/
phenomena
5.
Testing
whether
explanations
suggested agree with the empirical
data or information (Hypothesis
testing)
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What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a statement of
the researchers prediction or
guess of the relation that exists
among the variables being
investigated.
They are the Tentative answers
to the research problem.
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What is a hypothesis?Contd
Usually drawn from theory
The first step in a research is the
identification of a research
problem then making verifiable
hypotheses.
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Hypothesis defined
Research starts out with the idea
that according to some theory or
practice certain results will be
expected. The research study is
carried in order to check on the
prediction.
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Type of hypothesis
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Hypotheses testing
Hypothesis testing starts by
making a statement describing
some aspect of the population
(E.g. SMEs in Uganda).
A sample is then taken from the
population to see if evidence can
support the hypothesis.
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Elements of a hypothesis
test
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Z- test
This test is used to determine whether two
means differ from each other. It can also be
used to determine whether a single mean
differs significantly from a population mean.
Z= x-
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Solution
State HO and H1
HO : = 150
H1 : 150 (two tailed test)*
*The two-tailed test is a statistical test used in
inference, in which a given statistical hypothesis,
H0 (the null hypothesis), will be rejected when the
value of the test statistic is either sufficiently
small or sufficiently large.
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= 172 150
10
= 2.2
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Make conclusion
since |z| > 1.96, we reject H O
and conclude that there is
significant evidence, at the
5% level, to suggest that the
population mean is not 150.
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Example: Hypothesis
testing
based on a sample mean
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Example
State the null and alternative hypotheses
HO: = 15000
H1: 15000
Specify the level of significance to be used
this is given at 5%
Calculate the acceptance range for the
variable tested
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Example
With a 5% significance level we
reject the null hypothesis when
an observation falls outside the
95% acceptance.
The standard deviation of the
distribution of x is /n and is
called the standard error of the
mean.
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Or
14416 to 15584
Find the actual value for the
variable tested
14,300
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14231 to 15769
The actual observation is
14,300, which is within the
range. We accept the null
hypothesis.
Assignment ;
Attempt the questions in the
exercise.
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Exercise 1
John Lo thinks that the mean value of
orders received by his firm is $260.
He checks a sample of 36 accounts
and finds a mean of $240 and
standard deviation of $45. Does this
evidence support his belief?( Use 5%
sig level where Z= 1.96)
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Exercise 2
Elizabeth Horst is a management consultant
who has recently introduced new procedures
to a reception office. The receptionist should
do at least 10 minutes of paperwork each
hour. Elizabeth made a check on 40 random
hours of work and found that the mean time
spent on paperwork is 8.95 minutes with a
standard deviation of 3 minutes. Can she
reject the hypothesis that the new procedures
meet specifications at 1% level of
significance?
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The End
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